Factors contributing to the strength of national patent protection and enforcement after TRIPS

IPR Law Protection and Enforcement and the Effect on Horizontal Productivity Spillovers from Inward FDI to Domestic Firms: A Meta-analysis

“…The scores of the index range from 0 to 5, with higher values indicating stronger levels of patent law protection in a country (Ginarte and Park 1997). It is important to note that the focus of this index is on the availability of patent laws and legal mechanisms (such as the laws that enable the enforcement of IPR), however it does not capture the level of effectiveness with which the law is enforced in practice by public IPR enforcement agents (Arora 2009;Brander et al 2017;Papageorgiadis et al 2019a;Park 2008). To approximate for the strength of public IPR enforcement we employ the IPSS index developed by Papageorgiadis et al (2014).…”

Globalization of innovation: the moderating role of project-level investment strategy and country type in location choice for R&D-related FDI

“…At least our findings indicate that MNEs in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries that invest in emerging markets in the upper-middle-to high-income segment are not particularly deterred by institutional constraints. Part of the explanation could be the implementation of international agreements on intellectual property rights (Papageorgiadis et al, 2019).…”

“…As such, the development of the Pfizer-Biontech vaccine as well as other COVID-19 vaccines indicates MNEs' role in orchestrating innovation networks and the importance of synergies between actors and locations (Papanastassiou, 2021). In addition, the internationalization of intellectual property rights in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights has contributed to the global dispersion of innovation (Haakonsson, Jensen and Mudambi, 2013;Papageorgiadis, Chengang and Magkonis, 2019). Meanwhile, pharmaceutical MNEs are experiencing significant pressure to reorganize innovation processes by reducing costs and developing new drugs because existing patents (and profits) are being eroded by competing generic products.…”

Essays on culture and innovations

“…Although the sample size declines, the estimate in column (4) of Table 1.5 remains consistent. Column (5) uses the IPR enforcement index by Papageorgiadis and Sofka (2020) as an alternative measure (see also Papageorgiadis et al, 2019). It is constructed using firm level transaction costs associated with patent enforcement (e.g.…”

“…Columns (2) and (3) replicate the baseline analysis for the periods 1980-1990 and 1990-2000, respectively. In Column (4) Individualism is Suh et al's (1998) individualism score. Column (5) uses the IPR enforcement score by Papageorgiadis and Sofka (2020). Columns ( 6) and ( 7) group countries by OECD and non-OECD membership, respectively.…”