Factors contributing to the perpetuation and eradication of female genital mutilation/cutting in sub-Saharan women living in Spain

Investigating Factors Associated with Migration and Cultural Adaptation in Relation to Change in Attitudes and Behavior towards Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) among Populations from FGM/C-Practicing Countries Living in Western Countries: A Scoping Review

“…Out of a total 10 questions, each question received a score of two for "Yes", one for "Can't Tell", and zero for "No". The total score (out of 20 possible) categorizes papers as low (0-10), moderate (11)(12)(13), or high quality (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). For quantitative observational cross-sectional studies, the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) checklist was employed, with 20 questions scored similarly, resulting in categorization as low (0-19), moderate (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), or high quality (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40), based on the overall score [16].…”

“…Sixteen studies were classified as being of high methodological quality, and the remaining one was deemed to be of moderate quality; none were rated as poor. Among the qualitative studies, excluding two [17,18], there was a consistent failure to adequately address considerations such as the relationship between the research and participants or justification of the research design [19], utilization of qualitative methodology to achieve research goals, or ethical considerations regarding obtaining consent [20]. In the case of quantitative studies, while information on measures taken to address non-responders was generally missing, one study lacked clear explanations on how and what type of consent was obtained [21].…”

Prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among daughters aged 0–14 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of recent demographic health surveys

“…Moreover, men within these communities place great emphasis on the concept of virginity and faithfulness, viewing FGM as a prerequisite for women and girls to be regarded as proper, clean, and decent (48). The sight of uncircumcised girls and women facing insults and isolation can influence some adult women to accept FGM as a means of belonging to their community (12,47). Over the past two decades, there has been a notable rise in efforts to eliminate female genital mutilation (16,49).…”

“…Importantly, the consent of the child is never obtained before subjecting them to this harmful procedure ( 11 ). Despite being considered an act of violence, FGM is still prevalent in certain countries and communities ( 12 ).…”

“…Female genital mutilation is predominantly practiced within certain ethnic groups in Africa, the Middle East, and some Asian and Latin American countries ( 18 , 19 ). The highest concentration of this practice is found in Sub-Saharan African countries, where it thrives due to strong sociocultural forces, limited resources, and widespread illiteracy, which enable the secretive perpetration of the act and underreporting ( 12 , 20 ). Despite its regional concentration, FGM has also become more globally distributed due to factors like migration and refugee movements ( 21 , 22 ).…”