Factors Contributing to Guidance Performance when Using a Camera–Based Guidance Aid

Real-Time Sensory Information for Remote Supervision of Autonomous Agricultural Machines

“…The results published by [35] did not provide definitive evidence of a relationship between image velocity and lateral guidance error, however, trends were observed with lateral error increasing with image velocity. Test participants selfevaluated their performance following each trial; these results showed a decreasing linear trend with increasing image velocity.…”

“…The importance of real-time visual information in the autonomous interface has been demonstrated in the previous sections, however, it is also necessary to consider how camera placement (i.e., camera height and camera tilt angle) influences the usefulness of this visual information. Previous research by [35] investigated the impact of camera placement on guidance performance for a manual guidance task in which the tractor operator relied on visual information provided by an implement-mounted camera that was displayed on a monitor close to the operator's seat. [35] described a phenomenon that they called 'image velocity' which quantified the rate at which the visual information scrolled across the monitor from top to bottom as the tractor drove forward through the field.…”

“…Previous research by [35] investigated the impact of camera placement on guidance performance for a manual guidance task in which the tractor operator relied on visual information provided by an implement-mounted camera that was displayed on a monitor close to the operator's seat. [35] described a phenomenon that they called 'image velocity' which quantified the rate at which the visual information scrolled across the monitor from top to bottom as the tractor drove forward through the field. Image velocity is based on the camera's optical parameters, placement of the camera on the implement (height and tilt angle), and the tractor velocity.…”

“…Image velocity is based on the camera's optical parameters, placement of the camera on the implement (height and tilt angle), and the tractor velocity. The reader is directed to [35] for a thorough description of how the parameter of image velocity was calculated.…”

“…Participants preferred a tilt angle of 20° below horizontal as this gave them the best look-ahead view (i.e., the greatest lookahead distance); however, the 30° tilt angle yielded the statistically smallest guidance error. It is unknown how the prior research by [35] will inform the current task of placing cameras on an AAM for the purpose of remotely supervising the machine on an automation interface because their research was focused primarily on trying to minimize lateral error associated with a manual guidance task. Nevertheless, their prior research inspired subsequent studies intended to determine the impact of camera placement on the usability of the visual information for the task of remotely supervising an AAM.…”