Factors consistently associated with utilisation of essential maternal and child health services in Nigeria: analysis of the five Nigerian national household surveys (2003–2018)

Abstract

Objective This study aims to identify the individual and contextual factors consistently associated with utilisation of essential maternal and child health services in Nigeria across time and household geolocation. Design, setting and participants Secondary data from five nationally representative household surveys conducted in Nigeria from 2003 to 2018 were used in this study. The study participants are women and children depending on essential maternal and child health (MCH) services. Outcome measures The outcome measures were indicators of whether participants used each of the following essential MCH services: antenatal care, facility-based delivery, modern contraceptive use, childhood immunisations (BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis/Pentavalent and measles) and treatments of childhood illnesses (fever, cough and diarrhoea). Methods We estimated generalised additive models with logit links and smoothing terms for households’ geolocation and survey years. Results Higher maternal education and households’ wealth were significantly associated with utilisation of all types of essential MCH services (p<0.05). On the other hand, households with more children under 5 years of age and in poor communities were significantly less likely to use essential MCH services (p<0.05). Except for childhood immunisations, greater access to transport was positively associated with utilisation (p<0.05). Households with longer travel times to the most accessible health facility were less likely to use all types of essential MCH services (p<0.05), except modern contraceptive use and treatment of childhood fever and/or cough. Conclusion This study adds to the evidence that maternal education and household wealth status are consistently associated with utilisation of essential MCH services across time and space. To increase utilisation of essential MCH services across different geolocations, interventions targeting poor communities and households with more children under 5 years of age should be appropriately designed. Moreover, additional interventions should prioritise to reduce inequities of essential MCH service utilisation between the wealth quantiles and between education status.

Tetanus and Diphtheria Seroprotection among Children Younger Than 15 Years in Nigeria, 2018: Who Are the Unprotected Children?

“…Gender-based inequity in access to vaccination services and protection from VPDs has been noted in multiple countries with associations in some cases with maternal education [ 11 , 30 ]. In Nigeria, higher maternal education was associated with higher childhood vaccination coverage based on analysis of the 2018 DHS [ 31 ] and with higher utilization of essential maternal and child health services based on analysis of five national household surveys [ 32 ].…”

“…Inequities in seroprotection against tetanus were noted in rural versus urban areas and lower versus higher wealth quintiles. These factors have been shown to be associated with tetanus seroprotection, vaccination coverage or access to maternal and child health services in Nigeria and other countries [ 11 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Socioeconomic Determinants of Maternal and Child Healthcare Utilization and Infant Survival: A Case Study of Kijumo Village, Uganda

“…In many lowand middle-income countries, including Uganda, where Kijumo Village is located, maternal and infant mortality rates remain unacceptably high, reflecting persistent challenges in healthcare access and utilization [12][13][14]. These challenges are often rooted in a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors that influence healthcareseeking behaviors, healthcare infrastructure, and health outcomes [15][16]. Among these factors, maternal education, household wealth, geographical accessibility to healthcare facilities, cultural beliefs, and societal norms play pivotal roles in shaping individuals' perceptions of healthcare, their ability to access services, and ultimately, their health outcomes [17][18][19][20].…”