Factors associated with depression in the patients with diabetes mellitus type 2

Abstract

Background/Aim. The assessment of association of depression and diabetes mellitus type 2 using the Patient Health Questionaire (PHQ-9) has not been done in Montenegro. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of depression. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the General Hospital in Bijelo Polje, from July to September, 2015. It included 70 patients over 35 years of age with the diagnosis of diabetes for at least six months. For the assessment of depression presence and intensity PHQ-9 was used. All variables associated with the presence of depression at a significance level of p < 0.05 were included into the final method of the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results. Comorbidities were statistically significant more frequent among patients with depression (χ 2 = 5.40; p = 0.020). Duration of diabetes over five years was significantly associated with depression (χ 2 = 12.48; p < 0.001). Depression occurred more frequently among physically inactive subjects (χ 2 = 10.74; p = 0.005). The presence of diabetic polyneuropathy (χ 2 = 6.04; p = 0.014) and cataract (χ 2 = 5.351; p = 0.021) were also significantly associated with depression. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of diabetes over five years and presence of cataract were independently associated with depression. Conclusion. The risk factors for depression among the subjects with diabetes were disease duration more than five years and the presence of cataract. Since depression is a serious disease and can be a risk factor for many chronic diseases, the best way of prevention is its early detection and treatment.

<p>Factors Associated with Untreated Depression Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients at Halaba Kulito Hospital, South Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>

“…The same cutoff point was identified from studies conducted elsewhere. 17 Good glycemic control: Average fasting blood glucose level from three recent visits of ≤130 mg/dL was considered good glycemic control. Poor glycemic control: an average of three recent visits fasting blood glucose level of >130 mg/dL was deemed to be poor glycemic control.…”

“…Our study finding is smaller than study reports conducted at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (44.7%), 22 Saudi Arabia (49.6%), 30 Karachi, Pakistan (43.5%), 10 Malaysia (40.3%), 15 Nepal (40.3%) 31 and Montenegro (62.9%). 17 This may partly be due to the difference in socio-demographic characteristics, 30 small sample size, 2,14 study period and outcome variable measurement methods 10,15,30,31 of study subjects.…”

“…12,[14][15][16] Despite this, depression in diabetes is recognized and treated in only about one-third of cases. 17 According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF-2014), an estimated 4.9 million people in Ethiopia aged 20 to 79 years are suffering from diabetes. 18 Although there are not many, studies from some parts of Ethiopia assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with depression among people with diabetes.…”

Prevalence and Predictors of Depression among Adult Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending General Outpatient Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria

“…"A Trinidad study reported a prevalence of 17.9% among subjects with type 2 diabetes" [15]. In a study done in Nigeria, the prevalence of depression among T2DM was 30% [16] while in Bangladesh, a prevalence of 34% was reported [17]. "It was reported by the World Health Study, that the prevalence of depression in diabetes was 2% in adults aged 18 years and above, in 60 different countries over the period of one year" [18].…”