Factors Affecting Violence Againts Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Violence against women is one of the human rights solutions which tends to increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various factors increase the incidence of violence against women. This systematic literature review aims to identify the factors that influence the increase in incidence in women. Study literature on the Science Direct, Pubmed, Cinahl, EBSCO host and Cochrane Library databases with the PRISMA procedure and the Robvis bias assessment. A total of 5 articles were included in this systematic literature study. The factors that influence the increase in the number of violence against women are personal factors, relationships, community and societal context. ABSTRAKKekerasan pada perempuan merupakan salah satu pelanggaran hak asasi yang cenderung mengalami peningkatan selama pandemic COVID-19. Berbagai faktor meningkatkan angka kejadian kekerasan pada perempuan. Studi sitematik literatur ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi peningkatan kejadian kekerasan pada perempuan. Studi literatur pada database Science Direct, Pubmed, Cinahl, EBSCO host dan Cochrane Library. Desain penelitian yang termasuk dalam kriteria pencarian adalah cross sectional, RCT dan studi review pada tahun 2019-2020. Pencarian awal menghasilkan 313 artikel dan sebanyak 5 artikel termasuk dalam studi literatur sistematik ini setelah melalui prosedur PRISMA dan analisis bias penelitian menggunakan Robvis. Faktor yang memengaruhi peningkatan angka kekerasan pada perempuan adalah faktor personal, hubungan, komunitas dan konteks masyarakat.

Domestic Violence in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews

“…The four main research questions were addressed in systematic reviews, including prevalence and incidence ( Abdo et al, 2020 ; Bayu, 2020 ; Cappa & Jijon, 2021 ; Javed & Mehmood, 2020 ; Kourti et al, 2021 ; Lausi et al, 2021 ; Marmor et al, 2021 ; McNeil et al, 2022 ; Pentaraki & Speake, 2020 ; Piquero et al, 2021 ; Rapp et al, 2021 ; Sánchez et al, 2020 ; Syibulhuda & Ediati, 2021 ; Viero et al, 2021 ), contributing factors ( Bayu, 2020 ; Javed & Mehmood, 2020 ; McNeil et al, 2022 ; Moreira & da Costa, 2020 ; Nasution & Fitriana, 2020 ; Pentaraki & Speake, 2020 ; Rapp et al, 2021 ; Sánchez et al, 2020 ; Syibulhuda & Ediati, 2021 ; Viero et al, 2021 ), mitigating policies and practices ( Kourti et al, 2021 ; Pentaraki & Speake, 2020 ; Sánchez et al, 2020 ; Su et al, 2021 ), and emerging issues and patterns of DV studies ( Cappa & Jijon, 2021 ; Javed & Mehmood, 2020 ; Kourti et al, 2021 ; Pentaraki & Speake, 2020 ; Viero et al, 2021 ).…”

“…In view of the fact that the review studies identified too many factors contributing to increased vulnerability to DV during the pandemic and the social distancing measures, the current systematic meta-review classified the factors based on an ecological framework, one of the most widely used theoretical models in DV research ( Kim, 2021 ). This classification strategy provides a better understanding of DV dynamics on different ecological system levels ( Nasution & Fitriana, 2020 ; Sánchez et al, 2020 ). Based on an ecological model of DV, we analyze it at four levels, namely ontogenetic (i.e., the individual’s development history), microsystem (i.e., the family unit), exosystem (i.e., the formal and informal social structures), and macrosystem (i.e., societal and cultural values and beliefs), and assumes that each of these domains contributes to risk and protective markers ( Kim & Merlo, 2021 ).…”

“…As a result of the pandemic, there has been an increase in job losses and unemployment, especially among migrants, women of color, and those with little or no education. Mental health issues and other psychological states, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, were also frequently identified as contributing to female IPV victimization ( Nasution & Fitriana, 2020 ). Besides identifying individual contributing factors, systematic reviewers detailed the mechanisms of female IPV victimizations.…”

“…Apart from these tense family situations, dependence on partners, increased controlling behavior, a lack of assertive communication, and fatigue also contribute to the high rates of IPV against women during a pandemic. In addition, IPV victims are struggling to implement security plans due to the fear of contagion and a lack of social contacts and support around them ( Nasution & Fitriana, 2020 ; Sánchez et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Poor performance in the health sector, including the lack of training given to health professionals in screening and identifying DV cases and a high priority placed on care associated with COVID-19 at the expense of DV intervention, contributed to the high incidence of DV during the pandemic ( Sánchez et al, 2020 ). Living in remote rural areas, as well as facing restrictions on activities or difficulty accessing normal community activities, can further isolate a person and make it harder to seek help, leading to higher DV rates ( Nasution & Fitriana, 2020 ; Pentaraki & Speake, 2020 ).…”