Factors Affecting the Presence of Adequately Iodized Salt at Home in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Study

Kumma, Wondimagegn Paulos; Haji, Yusuf; Abdurahmen, Junayde; Adinew, Yohannes Mehretie

doi:10.1155/2018/4394908

Cited by 29 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, almost all (99.9%) of the households used non-packed iodized salt. The result is lower compared to studies done in Wolaita Sodo town [17] and Dera District, Ethiopia [18], the packed iodized salt utilization was 11.1% and 12.49%, respectively. High proportion of roasting of salts and lower utilization of packed iodized salt needs attention in this population.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…This cultural food preparation led to the common phenomena of roasting of salt in this population. Roasting is not common in other studies even if exposure to sunlight is common practice [10, 17, 18]. This might be one of the reasons for the loss of iodine from the salt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, respondents who had good knowledge on handling salts were 5.6 times more likely to have iodine concentration greater than 15ppm.Comparatively, respondents who had good knowledge on handling salts were 1.94 times more likely to have adequate iodine than those who do have poor knowledge in a study conducted at Gondar town, Ethiopia [10]. Likewise, knowledge of the respondents was associated with adequacy of iodine content in the salt in Dera District, Ethiopia [17]. However, knowledge about iodized salt has no significant association with iodine content in LaboAssebi District, Ethiopia [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Bitew¹,

Linigerew²,

Mengistu³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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19Introduction: Iodine is essential for regulation of physical growth and neural development. Although, 20 fortification of iodine has been practiced decades before and iodized salt is available, handling and cultural 21 food preparation may affect the content of iodine in the dishes. Moreover, Dega Damot is mountainous area 22 that may lose its iodine via erosion. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the handling and adequacy of 23 iodine in the salt in Dega Damot district, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. 24Method: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 24 to November 15, 2017 on 25 802 households. Stratified multi-stage sampling was employed to select households. A total of 422 and 380 26 house-holds from low land and high land, respectively took part in the study. For the interview either the 27 husband or the spouse was selected randomly. Data on handling were collected by face-to-face interview 28 using structured questionnaires. The concentration of iodine was determined using Rapid Test Kit. 29Descriptive statistics were used to describe relevant findings on the handling of iodized salt. Both bivariate 30 and multivariate logistic regressions were analyzed to identify associated factors. 31Result: From 802 samples tested, 37 (4.6%) had iodine greater than 15parts per million. The majority 32 (94.5%) of the respondents have been roasting their salt for 'Dikus' preparation where as 91.1% of the 33 households stored their salt in open containers. Salts with closed containers (AOR=3.22, CI=1.31-7.89), 34 unroasted salts [AOR=5.23, CI=1.25-22.11], good knowledge on handling [AOR=5.55, CI=1.64-18.77], 35 salts from high land area [AOR=2.11, 9CI=1.02-4.37], were significantly associated with adequacy of iodine 36 Conclusions: Adequate utilization of iodine was very low. Roasting of salt was common. These 37 phenomena may be continued because 'Dikus' preparation is cultured in this population. We recommend the 38 supplementation of packed iodized salt in the dishes 39 40 41 42 3 43 103 Iodine determination 104 A teaspoon of salts collected from each household. The salts were tested for the content of iodine using the 105 iodine rapid test kit (MBI Kits International). MBI KITS is improved iodized salt Field Test kit for salt 106 fortified with potassium iodide. The interpretation of the result was based on color comparison with its chart 107 (0, 1-15 and more than 15 parts per million, ppm). The cut-off proportion of 15 PPM and above was 108 considered as adequately iodized salt using the WHO reference indicators for monitoring of iodized salt in 109 the household level [14]. 6 110 Operational definitions 111 Adequate iodine in the salt: If the iodine content of the tested salt was > 15 parts per million 112 Low iodine content: If the iodine content of the tested salt was < 15parts per million 113 No iodine: If the iodine content of the tested salt was 0 parts per million 114 Good knowledge on handling: If the respondent correctly answered greater than or equal to half of the 115 knowle...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Bitew¹,

Linigerew²,

Mengistu³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Only 12.2% of the households were using iodized salt in the Southern nation, nationalities, and peoples region (SNNPR), which is quite below the national level [8]. Evidence on the availability of adequately iodized salt at the household level, in areas located over 1000 km from the production site, is not well studied in a large sample using the gold standard iodometric titration [9]. Ajema et al BMC Res Notes (2020) 13:125 Main text…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-demographic correlates of availability of adequate iodine in household salt: a community-based cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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Objective: This study aimed to assess the availability of adequately iodized salt at a household level and associated factors in Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia using the gold standard technique, the iodometric titration.Results: 41.8% (95% CI (confidence interval) 38.6 to 45.1) of households had inadequately iodized salt, and 9.3% (95% CI 7.5 to 11.4) had an iodine content below 10 ppm (parts per million). Compared to households with a monthly income of greater than 2000 ETB (Ethiopian Birr), households with a monthly income between 1000 ETB to 2000 ETB (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.52, 95% CI 0.390.36 to 00.77) and main food handlers aged 30 years or above compared to those aged less than 20 years of age (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.91) had higher odds of having adequately iodized salt. Food handler's knowledge and practice were not found to be correlated with the availability of adequately iodized salt in household salt.

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“…This gap in the utilization of adequately iodized salt couldbe due to various reasons. Rural residence, illiteracy, lower monthly per-capital income, poor socioeconomic status, unavailability of the salt, lack of awareness about the risk of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), exposing salt to sunlight, expensiveness, and lack of knowledge about iodized salt are among the factors associated with the absence of adequately iodized salt at home [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge and practices regarding use of iodised salt among population ofselected goitre endemic districts of Bihar

Anwar

Kumar

Sinha

et al. 2018

Public Health Rev: Int J Public Health Res

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Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are important public health problem which can be prevented by consumption of iodized salt. For sustainable elimination of IDDs, the goal of universal salt iodization (USI) is to cover more than 90% of household to consume adequately iodized salt. This study was conducted with objectives to assess knowledge and practices regarding salt consumption and to find the factors associated with consumption of adequately iodized salt in selected districts of traditional goitre belt of Bihar. Materials and Methods: The study was a community based cross-sectional study conducted in three districts of Bihar by using cluster sampling technique from January 2018 to March 2018. Results: Only 1.7% children and 33% adults were able to identify the condition of goitre. Among adults who identified the case as goitre, around 52% respondents had correct knowledge about cause of goitre. Around 30% caregivers knew the brand name of salt that was used in their household and only 19% of adults had heard about iodized salt.In around 13% households; salt was added at the end of cooking during food preparation. Adequately iodized salt was consumed in 73.5% households. The salt stored in air tight container had significantly higher iodine content in comparison to salt stored in open container (p=0.041). Conclusion: The knowledge among people regarding IDDs and iodized salt was very poor which need to be focused in our national programme. The goal of USI regarding iodized salt consumption is yet to be achieved in these districts.

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Factors Affecting the Presence of Adequately Iodized Salt at Home in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Study

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Socio-demographic correlates of availability of adequate iodine in household salt: a community-based cross-sectional study

Knowledge and practices regarding use of iodised salt among population ofselected goitre endemic districts of Bihar

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