Background World Health Organization (WHO) consultation experts recommend countries to have guidance to identify public health action points suitable for their country. The objective of the study was to evaluate different obesity indices to predict high blood pressure and its optimal cutoff values among the adult population. Method A total of 3368 individuals age from 25 to 64 years were included in this study. Data was collected based on the WHO Stepwise approach. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WstC), waist to hip ratio (WHpR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were measured and calculated. High blood pressure was considered for those with systolic blood pressure above 135 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure above 85 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medications. To generate cutoff values, the receiver operator characteristic curve was generated with the maximum Youden index. Result Women had a significantly higher hip circumference (P = 0.003), BMI (P = 0.036) and WHtR (P < 0.001) than men. Men had significantly higher WHpR (P = 0.027) than women. There were significantly higher BMI, WstC, WHpR, and WHtR among those with high blood pressure. The cutoff values for BMI, WstC, WHpR and WHtR were 22.86 kg/m2, 84.05 cm, 0.91 and 0.50 for men and 24.02 kg/m2, 79.50 cm, 0.91 and 0.51 for women, respectively. Conclusion BMI, WstC, WHpR, and WHtR are a useful predictor of high blood pressure among adults’ rural residents of southern Ethiopia. As the sensitivity for the cutoff values of most of indices were low, further surveys in different settings may need to be done before a conclusion can be drawn on whether or not to review the anthropometric cut offs for high blood pressure in Ethiopia.

Background Tuberculosis infection control is a combination of measures designed to minimize the risk of tuberculosis transmission within populations. Healthcare workers are not sufficiently protected from tuberculosis infection in healthcare facilities where infection control protocols are not followed completely. Studies conducted in Ethiopia about tuberculosis infection control practices were self-report. Objective To assess tuberculosis infection control practices and associated factors among health care workers in hospitals of Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Method A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 6 to April 2, 2019. The sample size was 422. The sample was proportionally allocated to each hospital and the respective discipline. Simple random sampling was used to select participants from each discipline. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.4.2.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 21 software. Multicollinearity and Model goodness-of-fit was checked. A multivariate logistic regression model at 95% CI was used to identify the predictors. Result The response rate was 97.4%. The proportion of good tuberculosis infection control practice was 39.9% [95% CI (35.5, 44.9)]. Knowledge on tuberculosis infection control measures [AOR = 3.65, 95% CI (2.07, 6.43)], educational level of degree and above [AOR = 2.78, 95%

Objective: This study aimed to assess the availability of adequately iodized salt at a household level and associated factors in Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia using the gold standard technique, the iodometric titration.Results: 41.8% (95% CI (confidence interval) 38.6 to 45.1) of households had inadequately iodized salt, and 9.3% (95% CI 7.5 to 11.4) had an iodine content below 10 ppm (parts per million). Compared to households with a monthly income of greater than 2000 ETB (Ethiopian Birr), households with a monthly income between 1000 ETB to 2000 ETB (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.52, 95% CI 0.390.36 to 00.77) and main food handlers aged 30 years or above compared to those aged less than 20 years of age (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.91) had higher odds of having adequately iodized salt. Food handler's knowledge and practice were not found to be correlated with the availability of adequately iodized salt in household salt.

17Background: Comprehensive care given to people living with HIV/AIDS is improving 18 from time to time; however, their concurrent cognitive illness is still ignored, under 19 screened and treated particularly in developing countries. And this problem is also striking 20 in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess HIV-associated 21 neurocognitive disorders and associated factors among adult people living with HIV/AIDS. 22 Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was conducted in Gamo Gofa zone 23 public Hospitals from April to May, 2017. The systematic random sampling technique was 24 used to select a total of 697 people living with HIV/AIDS. Data was collected using 25 structured interviewer administered questionnaire and International HIV Dementia Scale 26 was used to screen HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits. Data was entered using Epidata 27 version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic 28 regression analyses were performed to identify associated factors. A P value 0.05 with 95% 29 confidence level was used to declare statistical significance.30Result: A total of 684 study participants were included with a 98 % response rate. From 31 the total participants, 56% were females while 44% were males. The mean (±SD) age of 32 the participants was 38.8±8.8years. 33The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder was 67.1% (95%CI; 63.6, 70.5). 34The multivariable logistic analysis indicated that body mass index 16 kg/m2 (AOR 4.149 35(1.512-11.387)), being married (AOR 0.9 (0.604-0.623), unemployment (AOR 5.930 36 (3.013-11.670) and being in WHO clinical stage T3 category (AOR 2.870 (1.098-7.500) 37 were the key predictors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders among people living 38 with HIV/AIDS. 3 39 Conclusion: In this study the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is higher 40 than the earlier reports in Ethiopia and Africa. The associated factors also vary from that of 41 earlier studies. This indicates the need for formulating preventive mental health programs and 42 policies for people living with HIV/AIDS.43

Background Breast milk is the first natural food for babies. It has nutritional, immunological, developmental, psychological, societal and environmental advantages. Failing to feed children for twenty-four months has so many negative consequences to children. Though studies have well documented the duration of breast feeding in the first six months, the proportion of women completing the recommended duration and factors associated with it has not been well investigated in rural places of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap in evidence among mothers with children aged 2 to 3 years in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in 2021 E.C. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in all kebeles of the surveillance site by employing multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics was done to summarize findings and binary logistics regression model was used to identify factors significantly associated with early breast-feeding cessation respectively. OR with its 95% CI was obtained to quantify the degree of association between explanatory variables and early breastfeeding cessation. Result The proportion of early cessations of breast feeding was 29.30% (25.02, 33.64%). Being from a household with no fathers ‘education or primary education [AOR=0.22; 95%CI (0.07, 0.74)] and [AOR=0.30; 95%CI (0.12, 0.76)], farmer mothers [AOR=6.40; 95%CI: (1.38, 29.74)], birth interval of less than 2 years [AOR=2.07; 95%CI: (1.03, 4.16)], and with mothers’ one or two to three antenatal care visits [AOR = 2.73; 95%CI: (1.27,5.88)] were factors significantly associated with early cessations of breast feeding. Conclusion and recommendation The proportion of early cessations of breast feeding was high. Father’s education, being farmer, birth interval and ante natal care visit were significant factors. Health education about proper breast feeding practice and improving ante natal care attendance might improve premature cessation of breast feeding among women.

Background Actinomycosis is a granulomatous infection produced by filamentous, gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. Due to its rarity, ambiguous symptoms, and resemblance to more frequent disorders, including cancer, Crohn’s disease, and tuberculosis, it is a challenging disease to identify preoperatively. Case Presentation Our case was a case of a 36-year-old woman from the Oromia region’s West Arsi zone, who presented with a 6-month history of snoring, dysphonia, and cough, as well as significant but unquantified weight loss, fatigue, and low-grade and intermittent fever, for which she had visited various health facilities with no noticeable improvements in her symptoms. She has had diabetes for the past 5 years and is on Metformin 500 mg twice a day with poor glycemic control. The physical findings at the presentation, including the throat examination, were unremarkable. The random blood sugar level was 300 mg/dl at the time of presentation (elevated). Laryngoscopy revealed an irregular tumor on the anterior one-third of the vocal cord bilaterally, involving the anterior commissure. The biopsy result revealed actinomycotic granules with abscess formation. The patient was then started on Penicillin G, and there was a resolution of her symptoms during follow-up, and then on put on Amoxicillin for the next 6 months, which was discontinued when she had fully recovered from her symptoms and the mass had been cleared on follow-up laryngoscopy. Conclusion Laryngeal actinomycosis closely resembles laryngeal cancer and other common inflammatory conditions like laryngeal tuberculosis. It is recommended that clinicians, particularly otolaryngologists, be aware of such rare but eerily similar disease conditions so that unnecessary interventions can be avoided on time.

Background Sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. Several studies were undertaken on sexual violence among students in general. Nevertheless, there is paucity of information about sexual violence among night shift students in particular; even if they are more vulnerable to sexual violence due to the nature of the class time. The government has embraced legal and policy frameworks to discourse the problem of sexual violence in Ethiopia; nevertheless, the problem still is quite pervasive. Objective This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of sexual violence and risk factors among night shift female college students in Hawassa city. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 345 study participants. Systematic random sampling technique was used to choice study participants. Epi data version 3.1statistical software and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0 were used to enter and analysis the data. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to recognize risk factors. P values < 0.05 with 95% confidence level were used to state statistical significance. Results A total of 330 students were participated in the study making a response rate of 95.6% with a mean age of 24.9. The prevalence of last 12 month sexual violence was 202 (61.2%) 95% CI (55.8, 66.4) which includes rape, attempted rape and sexual harassment. The 12 month prevalence of each form of violence was 46 (13.9%) 95% CI (10.6, 17.9), 23 (6.9%) 95% CI (3.6, 10.9) and 163 (49.4%) 95% CI (46.2, 53.6) of rape, attempted rape and sexual harassment respectively. The independent predictors of sexual violence having a father with no formal education (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.04, 5.33) presence of multiple sexual partners (AOR = 3.44, 95% CI 1.64, 7.2), having sexual partner (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.03, 3.5), and consuming alcohol (3.55, 95% CI 1.84–6.85) by the victims. Conclusion This study shown that the prevalence of sexual violence is high among night shift female college students in Hawassa city. Having a father with no formal education, drinking alcohol, having multiple sexual partners and having sexual partner were more likely to have sexual violence within the last 12 month. Thus, students should prevent themselves from health risky behaviors and Hawassa educational bureau should be work on awareness creation concerning women empowerment with in marriage and Further broad and longitudinal studies are needed to determine the predictors of the problem among female students at Hawassa and Ethiopia as a whole.