Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Risk in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

Cardiovascular risk and obesity are becoming major health issues among individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors and obesity in youth with T1D in Lithuania. Methods. 883 patients under 25 years of age with T1D for at least 6 months were investigated. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and microvascular complications were evaluated, and the lipid profile and HbA1c were determined for all patients. Results. Study subjects’ mean HbA1c was 8.5±2%; 19.5% were overweight and 3.6% obese. Hypertension and dyslipidemia were diagnosed in 29.8% and 62.6% of participants, respectively. HbA1c concentration was directly related to levels of total cholesterol (r=0.274, p<0.001), LDL (r=0.271, p<0.001), and triglycerides (r=0.407, p<0.001) and inversely associated with levels of HDL (r=0.117, p=0.001). Prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with duration of diabetes (p<0.05). Hypertension was more prevalent in overweight and obese compared to normal-weight patients (40.6 and 65.6 vs. 25.6%, respectively, p<0.001). Frequency of microvascular complications was higher among patients with dyslipidemia (27.2 vs. 18.8%, p=0.005) and among those with hypertension (25.9 vs. 23.2%, p<0.001). Conclusion. The frequency of cardiovascular risk factors is high in youth with T1D and associated with diabetes duration, obesity, and metabolic control.

WITHDRAWN: Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker for Early Diabetic Nephropathy and Dyslipidemia in Young Type 1 Diabetes Patients

“…Detailed clinical assessment and examination of this cohort is described previously [16], brie y at the study entry, data on onset, duration and treatment of diabetes were collected, clinical examination included height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm) and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2 ). BMI values were converted to Z-scores and strati ed to 4 weight status groups: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity, using World Health Organization approach [17].…”

Lipid/Lipoprotein Abnormalities Among Adult Type 1 Diabetics in Nigeria

“…[15][16][17] The disparity in frequency might partly be explained by the observed different cutoff points of lipid indices used in these various studies. [18] Furthermore, our estimate of 46.8% remains comparable to the rate recently reported among the general adult population within the studied region. [19] Following the categorization of patterns of lipid/lipoprotein abnormalities in the current study, abnormal high plasma Tg status was observed to be the most common isolated abnormality; seconded by isolated abnormal low plasma HDL-C fractions.…”

The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Cardiovascular Risk Onset in Children and Adolescents

“…Contrary to what has been reported for the adult population whereby the female gender is associated with a lower CV risk in pre-menopausal period, data from recent literature reported similar CV risk rates in males and females [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Several modifiable CV risk factors are related to anthropometric measurements and metabolic control [ 30 ]. Increased BMI and waist circumference are described in children and adolescents with diabetes, while elevated levels of HbA1c are positively correlated with increased macrovascular complications [ 1 , 24 , 27 , 31 ].…”

“…In youth with diabetes, a more atherogenic lipid profile directly correlates with glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, age, disease duration and the presence of insulin resistance. Many of the aforementioned factors may be associated with a reduced nitric oxide availability [ 30 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Finally, the role of smoking and alcohol as CV risk factors in adulthood is well known, even if their long-term effects in adolescents have not been clarified yet [ 45 ].…”