Factores del ambiente familiar predictores de depresión en adolescentes escolares: análisis por sexo

Abstract

En este artículo se analiza la manera en que se ha querido establecer en el estudiante universitario las competencias iniciales de investigación. La atención se enfoca en las diferentes tendencias que se han seguido para enseñar tempranamente al estudiante a investigar. Para hacer lo anterior, en primer lugar, se aborda la función de la universidad en la iniciación temprana a la investigación y después se presentan las tendencias que se han seguido en el pregrado para impulsar la formación inicial de los estudiantes para la investigación. Dichas tendencias se engloban en cinco modelos instruccionales: 1) demostrativo; 2) procedimental; 3) transcriptivo; 4) computacional, y (5) integral. El artículo finaliza examinando de las bondades y limitaciones de cada uno de dichos modelos, y concluye que para impulsar de modo efectivo la iniciación temprana a la investigación es necesario diseñar espacios curriculares en los planes de estudio en el pregrado, considerando como punto de referencia un modelo instruccional integral que conjugue la reflexión teórica con el uso de metodologías variadas y se apliquen procedimientos cuantitativos y cualitativos para analizar la base empírica obtenida en el proceso de investigación.

Intrafamily relations and resilience as protectors against depressive symptoms in Mexican high school students

“…The current findings add to the abundant literature that affirms a greater presence of depressive symptoms in young women (Anyan & Hjemdal, 2016;González-Forteza et al, 2015;Rivera-Rivera et al, 2015;Ruiz Cárdenas et al, 2020). In the dimensions of intrafamily relations, there were no differences based on sex, although it is worth mentioning that there is no knowledge of research that establishes this distinction, so future studies should delve further into this point.…”

“…In terms of sex, low levels of family cohesion are reportedly associated with symptoms of depression in young women (Anyan & Hjemdal, 2018). In contrast, family acceptance (Ruiz Cárdenas et al, 2020) and psychosocial functioning of family relationships (Pereira et al, 2016) negatively predict depression in young women. It suggests that adolescent girls may be more sensitive to the strength of emotional bonds generated within the family, indicating one of the positive aspects of traditional cultural expectations.…”

“…This finding is consistent with the report by González-Forteza et al (2019) that showed that poor family relationships increase the risk of depression in adolescent males. Likewise, boysʼ perception of conflict between parents predicts depression (Ruiz Cárdenas et al, 2020), which implies that adolescents do not need to experience difficulties directly; observing problems between parents has a negative impact.…”

“…There is evidence of a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in women, both in the general population and among adolescents (Fosco & Lydon-Staley, 2019;González-Forteza et al, 2019;Rivera-Rivera, Rivera-Hernández, Pérez-Amezcua, Leyva-López, & de Castro, 2015;Ruiz Cárdenas, Jiménez Flores, García Méndez, Flores Herrera, & Trejo Márquez, 2020). Moreover, researchers have recognized that socially defined gender roles influence how adolescents express or hide their emotional lives, including depressive symptoms (González-Forteza et al, 2015).…”

“…This emphasis on family is a major reason why adolescent development is linked to intrafamily relations, defined as the connections between family members in terms of union, expression of emotions, rules of coexistence, and adaptation to change (Rivera Heredia & Andrade Palos, 2010). In the literature, depressive symptoms have been associated with different family factors (Palacios Cruz, 2015) such as poor quality of communication (González-Forteza et al, 2019;Rivera-Rivera et al, 2015), hostility (Flores-Ramos, 2015), perception of family conflicts (Fosco & Lydon-Staley, 2019;Perales-Blum & Loredo, 2015;Ruiz Cárdenas et al, 2020). Furthermore, family cohesion and support (Fosco & Lydon-Staley, 2019;Anyan & Hjemdal, 2018;Morales Rodríguez & Rivera Alcántar, 2012), communication (Ioffe, Pittman, Kochanova, & Pabis, 2020), acceptance (Ruiz Cárdenas et al, 2020, expression of emotions and feelings (Betancourt Ocampo & Andrade Palos, 2012;Withers, McWey, & Lucier-Greer, 2016), and adequate general psychosocial functioning in the family (Pereira, Matos, Pinheiro, & Costa, 2016) have been found to have protective effects on depressive symptoms in adolescents.…”