Factor Structure and Gender Invariance Testing for the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2)

Madrigal, Leilani; Roma, Vincenzo G.; Caze, Todd; Maerlender, Arthur C.; Hope, Debra A.

doi:10.1123/jcsp.2016-0036

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Multiple group CFAs also showed that the CAS measures coronavirus related fear and anxiety in a similar way across age, gender, and race groups. Not only did these results replicate the findings of the original CAS research, they were also in keeping with other factor invariance studies of anxiety measures as well (Bunnell et al, 2013;Kyriazos et al, 2018;Madrigal et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale

Lee

Mathis

Jobe

et al. 2020

Psychiatry Research

287

254

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The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) using an online survey of 398 adult Amazon MTurk workers in the U.S. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the CAS measures a reliable (α = 0.92), unidimensional construct with a structure that was shown to be invariant across gender, race, and age. Construct validity was demonstrated with correlations between CAS scores and demographics, coronavirus diagnosis, history of anxiety, coronavirus fear, functional impairment, alcohol/drug coping, religious coping, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, as well as social attitudes (e.g., satisfaction with President Trump). The CAS also demonstrated solid discrimination ability for functional impairment (AUC =0.88), while the original cut score of ≥9 (76% sensitivity and 90% specificity) showed the strongest diagnostic effectiveness among scores. Overall, these findings are largely consistent with the results of the first CAS investigation and support the validity of this mental health screener for COVID-19 related research and practice.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale

Lee

Mathis

Jobe

et al. 2020

Psychiatry Research

287

254

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Finally, the 15-item scale achieved high reliability indices and a good fit of the theoretical model to the data in each of the extracted age groups 9 . Satisfactory validity and reliability indices of the scale were also confirmed in studies conducted in different countries, e.g., Spain 10 , Brazil 6 , 11 , Malaysia 12 , U.S. 13 and Korea 14 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The hierarchical model and the 3-factor model had a significant advantage of fitting to empirical data over the single-factor model, which confirms the validity of separating the theoretically justified three subscales of the SAS-2 scale. Comparing the obtained results with the results of other authors, it can be concluded that both hierarchical and the 3-factor model of the Polish version of the scale estimated on the whole group of respondents had worse fit to the data than the models presented by the authors of the scale 9 , the models of the Spanish version of the scale 10 and the 3-factor model of the American version of the scale 13 . In turn, the models of the Polish version of the scale obtained a better fit to the data than the model (three factor model without correlating errors for items) of the Brazilian version of the scale 6 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…It has been confirmed in many validity and reliability studies. For example, the SAS-2 scale factorial validity verified by Confirmatory Factor Analysis was demonstrated 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 . Convergent validity was confirmed by the relationships of the SAS-2 scale scores with other scales dedicated to measure anxiety in sport area as well as general anxiety 6 , 12 , 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For example, the SAS-2 scale factorial validity verified by Confirmatory Factor Analysis was demonstrated 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 . Convergent validity was confirmed by the relationships of the SAS-2 scale scores with other scales dedicated to measure anxiety in sport area as well as general anxiety 6 , 12 , 13 . Moreover, the discriminant validity of the SAS-2 scale was also indicated, which is important from the perspective of clinical diagnosis in sport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Validation of Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) among Polish athletes and the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation in sport

Tomczak¹,

Kleka

Walczak

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2, as well as to determine the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation among high-performance and recreational athletes. A total of 519 athletes aged M = 22.83 (SD = 4.92) participated in the study, including 266 males and 253 females. 242 athletes trained professionally and 277 recreationally. The Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) was used to assess anxiety levels, while the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ) enabled to assess athletes’ goal orientation. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the model to the data for the Polish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (CFI = 0.945, RMSEA = 0.072). The models obtained during analysis of high-performance and recreational athletes, women and men, also presented a satisfactory fit to the data (CFI 0.932–0.946). The configural, metric, scalar and strict measurement invariances were demonstrated for high-performance and recreational athletes as well as among women and men. High internal consistency coefficients (alpha 0.81–0.91) and a high test–retest reliability indexes were reported (ICC 0.74–0.87). Women presented higher level of competitive anxiety than men. A positive relationship between competitive anxiety and athletes’ ego orientation was also presented. This relationship concerned particularly women practicing sport recreationally.

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A Moderated Mediation Model of Wellbeing and Competitive Anxiety in Male Marathon Runners

et al. 2022

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Running marathons is an increasingly popular activity with an ever-increasing number of events and participants. Many participants declare that they pursue a variety of goals by running, namely, the maintenance of good health, the development of strength and improvement of fitness, the management of emotions, and the achievement of resilience and psychological wellbeing (PWB). The research has examined marathon running, like many other sports, and has studied various factors that reduce athletic performance, such as the experience of anxiety, and that enhance such performance, such as an increase in general wellbeing. This article reports the results of a study on the experience of competitive anxiety among 238 male marathon runners who participated in Seville’s (Spain) 26th Marathon race on February 23, 2020, and investigates the relationship between anxiety and key dimensions of wellbeing as measured by the Spanish-adapted 20-item PWB Scale. We hypothesized that participating athletes who rated high on the dimensions of PWB would experience lower levels of competitive anxiety with respect to this race. We also proposed that PWB would function as a mediating factor with respect to the experience of anxiety. The results show, as hypothesized, that marathon running enhances wellbeing and reduces anxiety. The data showed significant negative correlations between four of five wellbeing dimensions and the three types of anxiety measured, namely, somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration-impairing anxiety. Other findings supported our hypothesis that wellbeing, as measured, functions as a mediating factor for the moderation of competitive anxiety. Generalization of these findings is limited by the fact that the low number of female participants recruited did not permit valid statistical analyses in this respect. It is known that both anxiety and wellbeing are subjects to variation by gender. The future inclusion of male and female subjects in equivalent studies will undoubtedly add valuable information concerning the dynamics of anxiety and wellbeing. The implications of these findings and the limitations of the study will be discussed.

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Factor Structure and Gender Invariance Testing for the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2)

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale

Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale

Validation of Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) among Polish athletes and the relationship between anxiety and goal orientation in sport

A Moderated Mediation Model of Wellbeing and Competitive Anxiety in Male Marathon Runners

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