Facile Synthesis of Silane-Modified Mixed Metal Oxide as Catalyst in Transesterification Processes

Abstract

The fast depletion of fossil fuels has attracted researchers worldwide to explore alternative biofuels, such as biodiesel. In general, the production of biodiesel is carried out via transesterification processes of vegetable oil with the presence of a suitable catalyst. A mixed metal oxide has shown to be a very attractive heterogeneous catalyst with a high performance. Most of the mixed metal oxide is made by using the general wetness impregnation method. A simple route to synthesize silane-modified mixed metal oxide (CaO-CuO/C6) catalysts has been successfully developed. A fluorocarbon surfactant and triblock copolymers (EO)106(PO)70(EO)106 were used to prevent the crystal agglomeration of carbonate salts (CaCO3-CuCO3) as the precursor to form CaO-CuO with a definite size and morphology. The materials show high potency as a catalyst in the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. The calcined co-precipitation product has a high crystallinity form, as confirmed by the XRD analysis. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The mechanism of surface modification and the effects of the catalytic activity were also discussed. The biodiesel purity of the final product was analyzed by gas chromatography. The optimum biodiesel yield was 90.17% using the modified mixed metal oxide CaO-CuO/C6.

Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin for the Selective Production of Phenolic Monomers over Cobalt-Supported Calcium Catalysts

“…The FT-IR spectrum of CaO and 10% Co/CaO is shown in Figure . The peak at 3634 cm –1 showed that in both cases (CaO and Co/CaO), higher stretching vibration of O–H was present on the surface of the catalysts due to the basic nature of CaO catalysts to adsorb H 2 O . The stretching vibrational peak at 866 and 1443 cm –1 indicated that catalysts adsorb CO 2 from the atmosphere and form carbonate during the storage and preparation processes, which was also confirmed from XPS results (Figure ).…”

“…The peak at 3634 cm −1 showed that in both cases (CaO and Co/CaO), higher stretching vibration of O−H was present on the surface of the catalysts due to the basic nature of CaO catalysts to adsorb H 2 O. 26 The stretching vibrational peak at 866 and 1443 cm −1 indicated that catalysts adsorb CO 2 from the atmosphere and form carbonate during the storage and preparation processes, 26 which was also confirmed from XPS results (Figure 6). After the addition of cobalt metal, some new peaks at 730, 530, and 470 cm −1 were formed as the catalysts possessed Ca−O and Co−O in the form CaCoO metal oxide.…”

Low-cost diatomite supported binary transition metal sulfates: an efficient reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis

“…With increasing energy demand, the consumption of fossil fuels, and their negative impact on the environment, such as environmental pollution, global warming, and rising sea levels, great attention has been given to researching renewable and clean biofuels. [1][2][3][4] Biodiesel, a green, biodegradable, renewable and sustainable biofuel, is usually made from waste vegetable oils and animal fats. The composition of biodiesel is alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and fats.…”

Colloidal Processing of Mn3O4-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Electrodes for Supercapacitors

“…Colloidal methods are widely used for the fabrication of advanced nanomaterials and nanocomposites [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The use of surfactants for colloidal nanofabrication allows efficient control of particle size and prevention of their agglomeration [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Of particular interest is the use of surfactants for the fabrication of nanocomposite electrodes for energy storage in supercapacitors.…”