Facile synthesis of hard carbon microspheres from polyphenols for sodium-ion batteries: insight into local structure and interfacial kinetics

Carbonaceous materials have been accepted as a promising family of anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to optimal overall performance. Among various emerging carbonaceous anode materials, hard carbons have recently gained significant attention for high‐energy LIBs. The most attractive features of hard carbons are the enriched microcrystalline structure, which not only benefits the uptake of more Li+ ions but also facilitates the Li+ ions intercalation and deintercalation. However, the booming application of hard carbons is significantly slowed by the low initial Coulombic efficiency, large initial irreversible capacity, and voltage hysteresis. Many efforts have been devoted to address these challenges toward practical applications. This paper focuses on an up‐to‐date overview of hard carbons, with an emphasis on the lithium storage fundamentals and material classification of hard carbons as well as present challenges and potential solutions. The future prospects and perspectives on hard carbons to enable practical application in next‐generation batteries are also highlighted.

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“…[ 68,69 ] Besides, the broader feature of XRD peaks indicates smaller average crystallite sizes. [ 15,70 ]…”

Section: Structure Of Hard Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Carbon Anodes for Next‐Generation Li‐Ion Batteries: Review and Perspective

Xie

Tang

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Materials

286

158

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“…[24] Although hard carbon can deliver considerable capacity for both Na + (mainly more than 300 mAh g −1 ) and K + (mainly more than 250 mAh g −1 ), there are also obvious differences that hard carbon mainly delivers higher Na + storage capacity and lower sodiation potential. [19,[25][26][27][28][29][30] Soft carbon is also a potential SIBs/PIBs anode, and its microstructure and component (graphitization degree and heteroatom doping) directly affect Na + /K + storage behaviors. [31][32][33][34] Carbonaceous materials are not only used as active material, but also as carbon skeleton to improve reaction kinetics of Na + / K + and structural stability of composite materials, such as anode (alloying materials, conversion materials, intercalation materials) and cathode (polyanionic, layered oxides, hexacyanometallates).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Anode Materials: A Detailed Comparison between Na‐ion and K‐ion Batteries

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Advanced Energy Materials

182

138

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distribution make it difficult to meet the demand of large-scale energy storage device with low cost and high performance. [1,2] Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), as "post Li-ion batteries," share similar operation principles and battery device to LIBs. [3-8] In recent years, they have drawn great attention due to obvious advantages such as high sodium/potassium abundance, even distribution and low cost, which are ideal candidates for high-performance secondary batteries in large-scale storage systems. With the continuous development of clean energy technology (including wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, geotherm energy and water energy) and increasing proportion of clean power generation in the total power generation (the installed capacity of wind energy and solar energy may reach 7059 GW accounting for 49.21% in 2040), smart management of intermittent electricity is increasingly important. [9,10] The generated intermittent electricity needs to be regulated by a smart grid, which can be stored in high-performance SIBs/PIBs during low demand periods and released during peak demand periods, such as electricity supply of slow electric vehicles, residences, manufactories and remote area (Figure 1). [11-13] In some remote mountainous areas, there is no electricity transmission line and therefore SIBs/PIBs energy storage system can provide a continuous electricity supply as a power source. When electricity power is in short supply or out of power, SIBs/PIBs energy storage systems can provide considerable power to keep manufactory running or to power residences. Considering obvious advantages of carbon-based materials, such as abundant sources, low cost and chemical inertness, they show enormous potential as anode materials of SIBs and PIBs. [14-17] Carbon-based materials have different structures (graphite, graphene, hard carbon and soft carbon) and morphologies (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, here D represents dimension), [15,18-21] which makes it possible to control these factors of carbon-based materials to meet the demand of highly efficient Na + /K + storage. Graphite delivers two different Na + /K + storage behaviors with theoretical capacities of 35 mAh g −1 (Na + intercalation) and 279 mAh g −1 (K + intercalation), and the high theoretical capacity indicates that graphite is a potential candidate for PIBs. [22,23] Due to high specific surface area and abundant defects, graphene materials (except for pristine single-layered As novel "post lithium-ion batteries," sodium-ion batteries/potassium-ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) are emerging and show bright prospect in large-scale energy storage applications due to abundant Na/K resources. Further benefits of this technology include, its low cost, chemical inertness and safety. Extensive research findings have demonstrated that carbon-based materials are promising candidates for both SIBs and PIBs. Although the two alkali-ion batteries have similar internal components and electrochemical reaction mechanisms, in carbon-based materials the stora...

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“…The increase in carbonization temperature from 300 ℃ to 1000 ℃ results in an increase in the carbon microspheres' surface area, leading to low ICE. 104 The best reversible capacity of 202 mAhg -1 at a current density of 30 mAg -1 was found for HCs carbonized at 500 ℃ due to the wider separation of graphitic layers. The differential capacity curve (dQ/dV vs. V) shows the SRC (above 0.2 V) and PRC (below 0.2 V) corresponding to the Na-ion nanopore filling and insertion of sodium ion between the graphitic layers, respectively.…”

Section: Sugar-based Mshcsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…MSHCs offer flexible design criteria for SRC or PRC depending on synthesis methods and carbonization temperature, improving capacity contribution. 64,101,103,104…”

Section: K-ion Storage Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%