Carbon Anode Materials: A Detailed Comparison between Na‐ion and K‐ion Batteries

Abstract

distribution make it difficult to meet the demand of large-scale energy storage device with low cost and high performance. [1,2] Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), as "post Li-ion batteries," share similar operation principles and battery device to LIBs. [3-8] In recent years, they have drawn great attention due to obvious advantages such as high sodium/potassium abundance, even distribution and low cost, which are ideal candidates for high-performance secondary batteries in large-scale storage systems. With the continuous development of clean energy technology (including wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, geotherm energy and water energy) and increasing proportion of clean power generation in the total power generation (the installed capacity of wind energy and solar energy may reach 7059 GW accounting for 49.21% in 2040), smart management of intermittent electricity is increasingly important. [9,10] The generated intermittent electricity needs to be regulated by a smart grid, which can be stored in high-performance SIBs/PIBs during low demand periods and released during peak demand periods, such as electricity supply of slow electric vehicles, residences, manufactories and remote area (Figure 1). [11-13] In some remote mountainous areas, there is no electricity transmission line and therefore SIBs/PIBs energy storage system can provide a continuous electricity supply as a power source. When electricity power is in short supply or out of power, SIBs/PIBs energy storage systems can provide considerable power to keep manufactory running or to power residences. Considering obvious advantages of carbon-based materials, such as abundant sources, low cost and chemical inertness, they show enormous potential as anode materials of SIBs and PIBs. [14-17] Carbon-based materials have different structures (graphite, graphene, hard carbon and soft carbon) and morphologies (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, here D represents dimension), [15,18-21] which makes it possible to control these factors of carbon-based materials to meet the demand of highly efficient Na + /K + storage. Graphite delivers two different Na + /K + storage behaviors with theoretical capacities of 35 mAh g −1 (Na + intercalation) and 279 mAh g −1 (K + intercalation), and the high theoretical capacity indicates that graphite is a potential candidate for PIBs. [22,23] Due to high specific surface area and abundant defects, graphene materials (except for pristine single-layered As novel "post lithium-ion batteries," sodium-ion batteries/potassium-ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) are emerging and show bright prospect in large-scale energy storage applications due to abundant Na/K resources. Further benefits of this technology include, its low cost, chemical inertness and safety. Extensive research findings have demonstrated that carbon-based materials are promising candidates for both SIBs and PIBs. Although the two alkali-ion batteries have similar internal components and electrochemical reaction mechanisms, in carbon-based materials the stora...

Hard Carbon Anodes for Next‐Generation Li‐Ion Batteries: Review and Perspective

“…The combination of versatile properties makes hard carbons ideal anode materials not only in LIBs but also in their promising applications such as SIBs and PIBs. [ 89–95 ] Previous reports have proved some significant differences in the intercalated behaviors of Li + , Na + , and K + ions in graphite. To better understand the mechanism of Li + ions storage in hard carbons, the electrochemical behaviors of Na + and K + ions in hard carbons have been collectively compared.…”

Enhanced Reversible Zinc Ion Intercalation in Deficient Ammonium Vanadate for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

“…However, V 2 O 5 suffers from the sluggish kinetics due to the narrow interplanar spacing (4.4 Å) and poor electrical conductivity (10 −2 -10 −3 S cm −1 ) [36,37]. The interplanar spacing of layered materials is critical to the electrochemical properties of electrodes [38][39][40]. To modify the reaction kinetics of V 2 O 5 , ions or molecules have been introduced into the interlayers, such as Na + [41], K + [42], Cu 2+ [43], H 2 O [44], and PANI [45].…”

Application of Ionic Liquids for Batteries and Supercapacitors

“…The implementation of ILs-based electrolytes in SIBs proposes that the use of ILs can enhance the electrochemical performance of SIBs that beat those of conventional organic electrolytes. However, significant work is still needed so that they can compete with organic electrolytes in next-generation SIBs [ 39 , 99 , 104 ].…”

“…Electrolytes play an essential role for SIBs owing to their fundamental difference from LIBs in physical and chemical nature related to Na-ions. Over the past few years, a lot of great research efforts have been made on an electrolyte to find the suitable combination of electrolytes for SIBs [102][103][104][105]. In most of the research, organic carbonate-based electrolytes with sodium salts (such as NaClO 4 , NaPF 6 , etc.)…”