Facile Synthesis of Ferric-Modified Phosphomolybdic Acid Composite Catalysts for Biodiesel Production with Response Surface Optimization

Abstract

An attempt has been made to optimize the preparation of biodiesel from the transesterification of oleic acid with methanol over iron(III)-doped phosphomolybdic acid (H 3 PMo) catalysts. The prepared doped H 3 PMo salts were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The detailed characterization results demonstrated that the doped H 3 PMo salts have a strong interaction between the iron(III) ions and metal oxygen cluster, well preserving a typical Keggin structure of heteropolyacids and possessing good thermal stability. The effect of esterification reaction parameters was investigated and optimized using single-factor experiments method in combination with response surface methodology (RSM). The doped catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity, affording the oleic acid conversion of 89.2% with single factor optimization and 95.1% with RSM. More importantly, the catalyst was simply separated by decantation and exhibited good stability, with the oleic acid conversion of 70.2% after three consecutive cycles. Besides, this catalyst can also catalyze the esterification of other free fatty acids. Therefore, the doped H 3 PMo catalyst is a promising candidate for eco-friendly production of biodiesel in industry.

Green and Facile Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework Cu-BTC-Supported Sn (II)-Substituted Keggin Heteropoly Composites as an Esterification Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production

“…Further, the typical way of producing biodiesel is the catalytic esterification of free fatty acids or transesterification of triglyceride with an alcohol in the presence of a homogeneous/heterogeneous catalyst (Mahmoud, 2019). A homogeneous acid catalyst, such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , or H 3 PO 4 , can catalyze esterification with high activity; however, the major drawbacks of homogeneous acid catalysts are the generation of a huge amount of chemical wastewater and the high cost for catalyst separation and non-reusability (Zhang et al, 2019a). Therefore, heterogeneous solid catalysts have been widely applied to catalyze the esterification reaction for biodiesel synthesis.…”

Heteropoly acid-encapsulated metal–organic framework as a stable and highly efficient nanocatalyst for esterification reaction

“…12 Recently, heteropolyacids were widely studied as solid acid catalysts with good to excellent activity for esterication. [13][14][15][16] However, bulk heteropolyacids have low specic surface area and are soluble in polar organic media that make their recycling difficult. In order to avert these drawbacks, multiple approaches were attempted to modify the heteropolyacids, for instance, embedding them into supports, 17 partial or full substitution of the heteropolyacids' H + with large monovalent ions, 18 and graing on functionalized surfaces.…”

One‐pot solvent‐free transformation of natural triglycerides to ester and amide derivatives over CaO@KC nanostructured catalysts

“…11,25 To make the process more industrial benign and cheaper, and to avoid the tedious catalyst separation, the use of heterogeneous catalysts could be an attractive option that can provide easy separation, reusability, and high FFA and moisture content resistance. 26,27 Though, the use of the heterogeneous catalyst for the direct amidation of fatty acids using alkanol amines have been investigated scarcely. [28][29][30][31] Most of the time, the heterogeneous catalyst-based reactions were carried out in the presence of solvents viz, an excess of acetic acid was used with supported iron catalyst (yield = 96%, time 1-5 hours) and Fe-beta zeolites (yield = 52%, time 15 minutes).…”