Green and Facile Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework Cu-BTC-Supported Sn (II)-Substituted Keggin Heteropoly Composites as an Esterification Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production

Abstract

In the present study, metal-organic framework Cu-BTC-supported Sn (II)-substituted Keggin heteropoly nanocomposite (Sn 1.5 PW/Cu-BTC) was successfully prepared by a simple impregnation method and applied as a novel nanocatalyst for producing biodiesel from oleic acid (OA) through esterification. The nanocatalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, thermogravimetrics (TG), and NH 3-temperature-programmed desorption (NH 3-TPD). Accordingly, the synthesized nanocatalyst with a Sn 1.5 PW/Cu-BTC weight ratio of 1 exhibited a relatively large specific surface area, appropriate pore size, and high acidity. Moreover, an OA conversion of 87.7% was achieved under optimum reaction conditions. The nanocatalyst was reused seven times, and the OA conversion remained at more than 80% after three uses. Kinetic study showed that the esterification reaction followed first-order kinetics, and the activation energy (E a) was calculated to be 38.3 kJ/mol.

MOF-derived zirconia-supported Keggin heteropoly acid nanoporous hybrids as a reusable catalyst for methyl oleate production

“…Esterification converts different long-chain carboxylic acids ( e.g. , oleic acid, 9 stearic acid, 10 and myristic acid 11 ) and short-chain alcohols into esters and water as a co-product via an acid catalyst.…”

Efficient Production of Biodiesel from Esterification of Lauric Acid Catalyzed by Ammonium and Silver Co-Doped Phosphotungstic Acid Embedded in a Zirconium Metal–Organic Framework Nanocomposite

“…Nowadays, with the inadequacy of fossil oil resources, the increasing price of energy imports, and rising environmental concerns, − biodiesel has gained increasing attention as a potential renewable alternative to fossil diesel, which can be obtained by the esterification/transesterification of free fatty acids (FFAs), vegetable oils (edible and non-edible oil), animal fats, algal oils, or waste oils with alcohols in the presence of an acid/basic catalyst . In an industrial biodiesel production process, homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid are typically employed to catalyze the esterification/transesterification reaction owing to their high activity and low cost .…”

Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Green Biodiesel Synthesis: A Minireview

“…Currently, renewable biofuels derived from biomass have gained enormous attention, and one of these liquid biofuels is biodiesel [ 2 ]. Chemically, biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl ester, FAME) is generally produced via the transesterification of edible oils (e.g., rapeseed oil, palm oil, sunflower oil), non-edible oils (e.g., Jatropha curcus , Euphorbia lathyris L., Monotheca buxifolia , Sinapis Arvensis ), microalgal oils, or waste cooking oil or via the esterification of free fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid) and methanol or ethanol using acid/alkali as catalysts [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”