Facile synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of cellulose–chitosan–hydroxyapatite composite material: A potential material for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is often used as a bone-implant material because it is biocompatible and osteoconductive. However, HAp possesses poor rheological properties and it is inactive against disease-causing microbes. To improve these properties, we developed a green method to synthesize multifunctional composites containing: (1) cellulose (CEL) to impart mechanical strength; (2) chitosan (CS) to induce antibacterial activity thereby maintaining a microbe-free wound site; and (3) HAp. In this method, CS and CEL were co-dissolved in an ionic liquid (IL) and then regenerated from water. HAp was subsequently formed in situ by alternately soaking [CEL+CS] composites in aqueous solutions of CaCl2 and Na2HPO4. At least 88% of IL used was recovered for reuse by distilling the aqueous washings of [CEL+CS]. The composites were characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM. These composites retained the desirable properties of their constituents. For example, the tensile strength of the composites was enhanced 1.9X by increasing CEL loading from 20% to 80%. Incorporating CS in the composites resulted in composites which inhibited the growth of both Gram positive (MRSA, S. aureus and VRE) and Gram negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria. These findings highlight the potential use of [CEL+CS+HAp] composites as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.

Synthesis, structure and antimicrobial property of green composites from cellulose, wool, hair and chicken feather

“…The composites were tested for antibacterial activity on model bacterial strains E. coli (ATCC 8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin resistant S. aureus (ATCC 33591), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 51299), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) using previously published protocol (Harkins et al, 2014; Mututuvari et al, 2013; Tran et al, 2013a). …”

“…We have demonstrated recently that a simple ionic liquid, butylmethylimmidazolium chloride ([BMIm + Cl − ]), can dissolve polysaccharides such as CEL and chitosan (CS), and by use of this [BMIm + Cl − ] as the sole solvent, we developed a simple, green and totally recyclable method to synthesize [CEL+CS] composites just by dissolution without using any chemical modifications or reactions (Duri & Tran, 2013; Harkins et al, 2014; Mututuvari & Tran, 2013; Mututuvari & Tran, 2014; Tran et al, 2013a; Tran et al, 2013b). The [CEL+CS] composite obtained was found to be not only biodegradable and biocompatible but also retain unique properties of its components.…”

Chitin and Chitosan Composites for Bone Tissue Regeneration

“…The findings showed the potential use of (CEL + CS + HA) composites as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering (Mututuvari, Harkins, & Tran, 2013). Hydroxyapatite (HA) was subsequently formed in situ by alternately soaking (CEL + CS) composites in aqueous solutions of CaCl 2 and Na 2 HPO 4 .…”

Synthesis of eucalyptus/tea tree oil absorbed biphasic calcium phosphate–PVDF polymer nanocomposite films: a surface active antimicrobial system for biomedical application

“…In these cases, generally, the antimicrobial agent is either absorbed or impregnated in the CaP matrix and then its interaction with microbes and host tissues is studied. 34 Melo et al synthesized antimicrobial dental adhesives based on nanoparticles of Ag and ACP. 32 In a similar kind of work, Ciobanu et al synthesized Ag doped HAp by co-precipitation and reported high antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus.…”