Facile Fractionation of Bamboo Wood Toward Biomass Valorization by p-TsOH-Based Methanolysis Pretreatment

Abstract

A mild methanolysis pretreatment strategy was developed with a recyclable acid, p-TsOH, as the catalyst for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass toward its main components. Bamboo fiber was fractionated in one step with dissolution of more than 88% lignin and 90% xylan with most of the cellulose (86.8%) retained in pretreated bamboo at mild conditions (110 °C, 30 min, and 10% p-TsOH). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose-rich fraction was enhanced to 89.2% at an enzyme loading of 15 FPU g–1 substrate, nearly 4-fold higher than the untreated bamboo. Most of the xylan (hemicellulose) and lignin in the biomass were extracted and dissolved into the spent liquor. The extracted lignin had higher purity (>94%) and a moderate and homogeneous molecular weight, which could be adapted to add value to lignin. p-TsOH can be effectively recovered by recrystallization technology after concentrating the spent liquor. Hemicellulose (xylan) was transformed into methyl xyloside and furfural during the pretreatment. Overall, the described process showed practical significance for the effective fractionation and comprehensive utilization of lignocellulosic biomass components.

Thermochemical Liquefaction as a Cleaner and Efficient Route for Valuing Pinewood Residues from Forest Fires

“…Regarding the decomposition mechanism that occurs, it is believed that in holocellulose, the oxygen atoms in the glycosidic bonds are protonated by the acidic catalyst, followed by the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond and the consequent formation of carbonium ions [ 61 ], which react further, leading to smaller moieties. On the other hand, lignin follows a similar mechanism to that occurring during the cleavage of ether and ester bonds [ 62 ].…”

Hydrotropic Extraction of Carnosic Acid from Rosemary with Short-Chain Alkyl Polyethylene Glycol Ethers

“…12 Hydrotropic plant extraction has been studied since 1938 13 and has mostly been reported for ionic hydrotropes such as sodium salts of n-butylbenzene sulfonate, cumene sulfonate, xylene sulfonate, p-toluene sulfonate, and salicylate. 12,14,15 Their extraction efficiency has been reported to be positively or negatively correlated with their hydrophobic chain lengths depending on the nature of the extract, thus confirming the importance of considering first the hydrotrope/ solute pair. 16 More recently, extractions using nonionic-biobased hydrotropes have been reported on glycerol alkyl ethers for the extraction of piperine from black pepper 17 and on glycoside alkyl ethers for the extraction of vanilla, mangosteen, and olive pomace.…”

“…This is circumvented with hydrotropes which have much shorter alkyl chains and which are, therefore, much less likely to interact with each other. , Moreover, similarly to surfactants, hydrotropes can destabilize cell walls and membranes, thus facilitating the access to intracellular bioactive payload . Hydrotropic plant extraction has been studied since 1938 and has mostly been reported for ionic hydrotropes such as sodium salts of n -butylbenzene sulfonate, cumene sulfonate, xylene sulfonate, p -toluene sulfonate, and salicylate. ,, Their extraction efficiency has been reported to be positively or negatively correlated with their hydrophobic chain lengths depending on the nature of the extract, thus confirming the importance of considering first the hydrotrope/solute pair …”

The Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses With Green Solvent as Biorefinery Preprocess: A Minor Review

“…The pretreatment process has been proved to be an extremely important part of the bio-refinery process ( Zhai et al, 2019 ). Various pretreatment methods have been traditionally developed, mainly including biological, physical, chemical, and combination methods with the advantages and disadvantages shown in Table 1 .…”