Facile Fabrication of Solid‐state Electrochemiluminescence Sensor via Non‐covalent π‐π Stacking and Covalent Bonding on Graphite Electrode

Abstract

Herein, a facile and efficient method was developed for fabrication of solid‐state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor via non‐covalent π‐π stacking and covalent bonding on the graphite electrode (GE) surface. The electrode was firstly modified with 1‐aminopyrene via π‐π stacking between GE surface and the pyrene moiety. Thereafter a stable and efficient solid‐state ECL sensor was fabricated by covalent immobilization of ruthenium(II) onto the GE surface via amidation reaction between the 1‐aminopyrene and bis(2,2′‐bipyridyl)(4‐methyl‐4′‐carboxypropyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) bishexafluorophosphate. The sensor has been investigated using tripropylamine and tetracycline as representative analytes, and low detection limits of 0.7 nM and 3.5 nM (S/N=3) were reached, respectively.

Graphene Biodevices for Early Disease Diagnosis Based on Biomarker Detection

“…Indeed, the π–π stacking has dominated the immobilization of aromatic probes over graphene surfaces, − which leads to the formation of protein sensors , or detection of miRNA . The conjugated area of graphene could be quantified with the modification of pyrene and observed with fluorescence microscopy .…”

“…64 Ligands such as DNA− protein complexes 60,62 are easily mounted over graphene nanosheets by π−π stacking. 61 Indeed, the π−π stacking has dominated the immobilization of aromatic probes over graphene surfaces, 65−67 which leads to the formation of protein sensors 68,69 or detection of miRNA. 70 The conjugated area of graphene could be quantified with the 31 Starting from graphite: Hummer's method, 34 modified Hummer's method, 35,36 microwave assisted exfoliation 37 Starting from graphene oxides: vacuum annealing, 38 soaking with reduction agents, e.g., sodium borohydride, 39,40 hydrazinereduction, 41,42 microwave reduction 43,44 Top down from graphene nanosheets and others: hydrothermal cutting of nanosheets, 45 microwave irradiation, 46 fullerene transformation 47 Bottom up from small-molecule carbon source: organic synthesis, 32 chemical vapor deposition 33 Bottom up from aromatic hydrocarbon: solvothermal treatment, 48 hexabenzocoronene assembly, and pyrolysis 49 Characterizations: modification of pyrene and observed with fluorescence microscopy.…”

Simultaneous Enhancement of Bioactivity and Stability of Laccase by Cu2+/PAA/PPEGA Matrix for Efficient Biosensing and Recyclable Decontamination of Pyrocatechol

“…54 As shown in Figure 5E, the electron transfer resistance (R et ) for the bare HOPG electrode (curve a), calculated from the semicircle of impedance spectra, was 1800 Ω. 55 However, the R et was increased to 3000 Ω for the Cu 2+ / PAA/PPEGA-laccase modified one (curve b). The significant increase of the R et was in agreement with the results of CV, which indicated that the HOPG electrode was successfully modified with Cu 2+ /PAA/PPEGA-laccase.…”

“…The separation of peak potential was 53 mV, which was close to the separation of peak potential (51 mV) for electrochemical reaction with one electron transfer process . As shown in Figure E, the electron transfer resistance ( R et ) for the bare HOPG electrode (curve a), calculated from the semicircle of impedance spectra, was 1800 Ω . However, the R et was increased to 3000 Ω for the Cu 2+ /PAA/PPEGA-laccase modified one (curve b).…”