Facile Detection of Blood Creatinine Using Binary Copper–Iron Oxide and rGO-Based Nanocomposite on 3D Printed Ag-Electrode under POC Settings

Abstract

Metal nanoparticles have been helpful in creatinine sensing technology under point-of-care (POC) settings because of their excellent electrocatalyst properties. However, the behavior of monometallic nanoparticles as electrochemical creatinine sensors showed limitations concerning the current density in the mA/cm2 range and wide detection window, which are essential parameters for the development of a sensor for POC applications. Herein, we report a new sensor, a reduced graphene oxide stabilized binary copper–iron oxide-based nanocomposite on a 3D printed Ag-electrode (Fe–Cu–rGO@Ag) for detecting a wide range of blood creatinine (0.01 to 1000 μM; detection limit 10 nM) in an electrochemical chip with a current density ranging between 0.185 and 1.371 mA/cm2 and sensitivity limit of 1.1 μA μM–1 cm–2 at physiological pH. Interference studies confirmed that the sensor exhibited no interference from analytes like uric acid, urea, dopamine, and glutathione. The sensor response was also evaluated to detect creatinine in human blood samples with high accuracy in less than a minute. The sensing mechanism suggested that the synergistic effects of Cu and iron oxide nanoparticles played an essential role in the efficient sensing where Fe atoms act as active sites for creatinine oxidation through the secondary amine nitrogen, and Cu nanoparticles acted as an excellent electron-transfer mediator through rGO. The rapid sensor fabrication procedure, mA/cm2 peak current density, a wide range of detection limits, low contact resistance including high selectivity, excellent linear response (R 2 = 0.991), and reusability ensured the application of advanced electrochemical sensor toward the POC creatinine detection.

Electrochemical creatinine detection for advanced point-of-care sensing devices: a review

“…Singh et al developed a point-of-care device for detecting creatinine. 102 First, an electrode was made with 3D printing of conductive Ag ink on a flame retardant grade 1 (FR1) PCB substrate and using a Voltera V-One conductive ink printer. One electrode was then modified with electrodeposited rGO and then with electrodeposited Cu and Fe to form the sensor.…”

Anodic SnO2 Nanoporous Structure Decorated with Cu2O Nanoparticles for Sensitive Detection of Creatinine: Experimental and DFT Study

“…H 2 O 2 reacts with O 2 * – to produce again (*OH), ( − OH), and O 2 molecules. The *OH/ – OH thus initiates the creatinine auto-oxidation and produces oxime by removal of hydrogen. ,, (ii) The creatinine forms a complex with Cu 1+ through the co-ordination bond as shown in Scheme . As confirmed from the optimized FESEM images of the hybrid electrode (SnO 2 (6)@Cu 2 O), a large number of Cu 2 O NPs are available to bind with the creatinine molecule and form Cu(1)-complex.…”

“…Determination of creatinine level in blood serum or urine is clinically very important because it indicates renal dysfunction, muscle damage, thyroid disease, biomedical diagnosis of sever heart attack, and the quantitative measurement of hemodialysis therapy . The normal level of creatinine in blood serum lies in the range of ∼40–150 μM (0.46–1.7 mg/dL) . However, the amount greater than 500 μM indicates severe renal impairment that eventually leads to regular dialysis or kidney transplantation, which is of great concern worldwide.…”

“…Other well-established techniques, for example, voltammetric, spectroscopic, potentiometric, and chromatographic, have also been commonly employed for creatinine measurements . They also have several complications like a tedious sample preparation method, a requirement of sophisticated laboratory techniques, low sensitivity, interfering issues, and the lack of precise quantitative measurements, which restrict the use of the rapid onsite monitoring and point-of-care diagnosis . Sandeep Yadav et al prepared enzyme-based iron oxide composites (Fe 3 O 4 -NPs/CHIT-g-PANI) for creatinine detection and obtained a sensitivity of ∼3900 μA mM –1 cm –2 with 1 μM limit of detection (LOD) .…”

“… 3 The normal level of creatinine in blood serum lies in the range of ∼40–150 μM (0.46–1.7 mg/dL). 6 However, the amount greater than 500 μM indicates severe renal impairment that eventually leads to regular dialysis or kidney transplantation, which is of great concern worldwide. Patients suffering from kidney problems always need a portable device to check their creatinine level on a daily basis at home.…”