Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

Abstract

Cuttlefish bones are an inexpensive source of calcium carbonate, which are produced in large amounts by the marine food industry, leading to environmental contamination and waste. The nontoxicity, worldwide availability and low production cost of cuttlefish bone products makes them an excellent calcium carbonate precursor for the fabrication of hydroxyapatite. In the present study, a novel oil-bath-mediated precipitation method was introduced for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (Hap) nanorods using cuttlefish bone powder as a precursor (CB-Hap NRs). The obtained CB-Hap NRs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques to evaluate their physicochemical properties. The crystallite size (20.86 nm) obtained from XRD data and the elemental analysis (Ca/P molar ratio was estimated to be 1.6) showed that the Hap NRs are similar to that of natural human bone (≈1.67). Moreover, the FTIR data confirmed the presence of phosphate as a functional group and the TGA data revealed the thermal stability of Hap NRs. In addition, the antibacterial study showed a significant inhibitory effect of CB-Hap NRs against S. aureus (zone of inhibition – 14.5 ± 0.5 mm) and E. coli (13 ± 0.5 mm), whereas the blood compatibility test showed that the CB-Hap NRs exhibited a concentration-mediated hemolytic effect. These biogenic CB-Hap NRs with improved physicochemical properties, blood compatibility and antibacterial efficacy could be highly beneficial for orthopedic applications in the future.

A Green and Efficient Solvent- and Catalyst-Free Ultrasonic Dibenzylation Procedure

“…Furthermore, no ZOI was noticed against Salmonella typhi and MRSA with the analysed concentration of nano-HAp. A similar result was reported by Balu et al, 6 the susceptibility to E. coli and S. aureus was studied and ZOI was found to be 13 and 14.5 mm, respectively, at 50 mg/mL of nano-HAp synthesized from cuttlefish bone. Resmim et al 35 showed a growth inhibitory effect of S. aureus up to 81% and 56% by using nano-HAp from the bovine and porcine bone obtained by calcination at 1273 K, respectively.…”

“…Although various properties of HAp including antibacterial properties depend on the size, surface area, morphology, porosity, crystallinity, stoichiometry, and types and concentration of ions present in it 6,10,35 , many of the researches reported that the antibacterial activity of nano-HAp is enhanced by doping with other elements like Zn, Cu, Ag, Co, Ce, Se, etc. 10,30,40,60 Hence different ions and its concentration present in the nano-HAp may play a crucial role in inhibiting the bacterial growth 32,33 along with other properties such as morphology, size, etc.…”

“…2,3 Because of the chemical and structural similarities of biological apatite, synthetic HAp has been taken as a promising material for bone substitutes, bone tissue engineering, and coating of metallic implants 4 as it may protect the implant from the formation of bacterial biofilm and several other applications. [5][6][7][8][9] Furthermore, the desired properties of the HAp may be achieved by changing its morphology, porosity, particle size, etc. through different ionic substitution into its structure and by choosing suitable synthetic methods.…”

The Effect of Hydrothermal Holding Time on The Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Green Mussel Shells

“…This reveals that prolonged heating of aragonite crystal relaxes the lattice of aragonite to facilitate the formation of Hap. Then, the aragonite peaks disappeared due to the complete formation of Hap at a hydrothermal holding time of 18 hours [23]. Since hydrothermal reactions take place under constant material conditions, the precursors continue to dissolve and form a crystalline phase as the reaction progresses.…”

“…In addition, at a low CO2 gas flow rate it will reduce the supersaturation of the solution due to the lack of availability of CO2 gas so that the supersaturation of the solution is low. At low supersaturation that causes aragonite particles to form [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”