Facial skeleton remodeling due to temporomandibular joint degeneration: an imaging study of 100 patients.

Lateral cephalometric analysis of mandibular morphology: discrimination among subjects with and without temporomandibular joint disk displacement and osteoarthrosis

“…Several studies described associations between magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement (ID) and specific cephalometric parameters (5–15). Changes in mandibular morphology such as decreases in ramus height and mandibular body length, and increases in gonial and articular angle were described to became more severe as TMJ ID progressed to bilateral disk displacement without reduction (DDwoR) (12, 13, 15).…”

Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial morphology

“…(17) who conducted a systematic review concerning the association between head and cervical posture to TMD, emphasized that better controlled studies with comprehensive TMD diagnosis, greater sample size, adequate power and objective posture evaluation were necessary. The relationship between deformed condyles and dentofacial morphology has been studied (18–23). This study is the first to investigate the association between TMJ OA which is clearly diagnosed by a radiographic examination and head posture.…”

Mandibular Asymmetry in Different Occlusion Patterns

“…Thus, condylar asymmetries are thought to be one of the most important causes of mandibulofacial asymmetries. [2][3][4] The relationships between the condylar asymmetries and craniomandibular disorders were investigated by Habets and his coworkers. 5 Kjellberg et al 6 developed and used a new method of quantitatively measuring the effects of condylar heights on panoramic radiographs.…”