Facial Growth.

Enlow, Donald H.; Bartlett, Scott P.

doi:10.1097/00006534-199107000-00033

Cited by 83 publications

(162 citation statements)

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“…Earlier prenatal observations support these findings with the appearance of distinguishable hypotrochanteric fossa on the femoral diaphysis where a portion of the gluteus maximus inserts (Hrdlicka, 1934). In fact, Enlow (1990) noted that enthesial development is insignificant during adolescence, suggesting that mechanical strain during growth and development merely provides threshold levels for bone growth. Therefore, threshold levels set during adolescence preserve throughout adult life with mechanical strain maintaining bone strength; thus the focus is on bone retention not deposition (Lovejoy et al, 2003).…”

Section: Understanding Enthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Entheses: Bridging the Gap Between Clinical and Anthropological Perspectives

Schlecht

2012

The Anatomical Record

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An enthesis is the interface where tendon meets bone, providing both muscle anchorage and stress dissipation. Previous anthropological research suggests size and complexity of entheses observable in osteological material, are indicative of the strain magnitude resulting from repetitive muscle contractions during the performance of daily routines. These proposed ''musculoskeletal stress markers'' are routinely incorporated into bioarcheological studies as evidence of general activity patterns past human populations participated in. However, much of how this complex osteotendinous interface develops and responds to mechanical strains is poorly understood. The following review seeks to shed light on this structural enigma by synthesizing current findings in both the clinical and anthropological literature, in the interest of generating new conversations in how entheses respond to contractual forces and the systemic influences (i.e., genetics, hormones), that surround their morphological development. Only once we truly understand the etiology of tendon insertion sites, will the value of enthesial research in reconstructing human behavior be determined. Anat Rec, 295:1239Rec, 295: -1251Rec, 295: , 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Keywords: musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM); fibrocartilaginous; tendon anatomy; tendon insertion; bone morphology Anthropologists regularly implement bone remodeling principles in response to mechanical loads to infer a causal relationship between muscle tendon insertions and activity levels. Previous research suggests size and complexity of tendon insertions are indicative of strain magnitude resulting from habitual physical activity (Lane, 1887;Kennedy, 1989;Hawkey and Merbs, 1995;Churchill and Morris, 1998;Hawkey, 1998;Steen and Lane, 1998;Stirland, 1998;Wilczak and Kennedy, 1998;Capasso et al., 1999;Weiss, 2003Weiss, , 2004Weiss, , 2007 alOumaoui et al., 2004;Molnar, 2006;Cardoso and Henderson, 2010;Thara et al., 2010;Havelkova et al., 2011). Using both qualitative and quantitative data to assess the expression of insertion morphology along long bone diaphyses, inferences are frequently made regarding both generalized and specific activities past humans participated in throughout their daily lives. Recognition of this potential relationship between mechanical strain and the osteotendinous interface has led many to refer to tendon insertions sites as musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM). However, more empirical analyses exploring the factors responsible for these proposed MSM are needed before we can confidently begin to assess individual behavior and draw population-based inferences from series of skeletal remains. With this lack of understanding in the etiology of periosteal tendon insertion morphology, particularly in the mechanical and structural relationship between soft and hard tissues, this interface should be referred to by the clinical term, enthesis.

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Section: Understanding Enthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Entheses: Bridging the Gap Between Clinical and Anthropological Perspectives

Schlecht

2012

The Anatomical Record

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“…The PM plane is also claimed to separate the postero-inferior borders of the frontal lobes from the anterior margins of the temporal lobes (van der Linden and Enlow, 1971; Enlow, 1990:171). In addition, previous studies have argued that the PM plane maintains throughout ontogeny a nearly 90°orientation relative to the Neutral Horizontal Axis (NHA, defined below) of the orbits in all mammals, including chimpanzees and humans Enlow and Moyers, 1971;Enlow and McNamara, 1973;Enlow and Azuma, 1975;Enlow, 1990;Bromage, 1992;Lieberman, 1998). According to Enlow (1990:184), this constant 90°angle suggests that the PM plane is a "natural anatomic and morphogenetic plane" that maintains key relationships between growth counterparts in the face, the cranial fossae, and pharynx throughout the growth process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Although the PM plane was developed for, and has principally been used in, radiographic studies of cranial growth in humans Enlow and Moyers, 1971;Enlow and McNamara, 1973;Enlow and Azuma, 1975;Enlow, 1990), it may have a wider utility for comparative studies of primate and hominin craniofacial growth and architecture 1 Technically, the PM plane is not a plane (which is defined by three points), but is really a line defined by the average of two points inferiorly and two points superiorly. We use the term "plane" because it is established in the literature.…”

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Posterior maxillary (PM) plane and anterior cranial architecture in primates

2001

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This study tests several hypotheses of integration between the cranial base and face in primates. After reviewing the definition and anatomical basis for the posterior maxillary (PM) plane, which demarcates the back of the midface at its junction with the sphenoid, we demonstrate how the PM plane can be identified accurately on radiographs, and confirm that it maintains a 90°angle relative to the Neutral Horizontal Axis of the orbits in all primates. In addition, we use the PM plane to test Dabelow's (1929) hypothesis that the orbits and anterior cranial base are more highly integrated in anthropoids than in strepsirrhines, and we test the hypothesis that the midline anterior cranial base (planum sphenoideum) and anterior cranial floor (planum sphenoideum plus cribriform plate) in primates are highly correlated with each other relative to the PM plane. The mean angle between the anterior cranial base and the PM plane does not differ significantly from 90°in anthropoids, but differs significantly in strepsirrhines. The anterior cranial base and anterior cranial floor, however, correlate well with each other relative to the PM plane in both suborders of primates, independent of orbital orientation and configuration. The PM plane, anterior cranial base, and anterior cranial floor, therefore, form an integrated structural complex, a "facial block," whose orientation relative to the posterior cranial base influences craniofacial shape among anthropoids in which orbital orientation influences the orientation of the anterior cranial base. One such effect is that increases in cranial base flexion shorten the antero-posterior length of the nasopharynx. Anat Key words: posterior maxillary (PM) plane; neutral horizontal axis; integration; "facial block"The posterior maxillary (PM) plane 1 is defined as the line connecting two radiographically determined termini projected onto the midsagittal plane: (1) the average most posteroinferior point on the maxillary tuberosities, and (2) the average point on the anterior-most extent of the greater wings of the sphenoid (Fig. 1). Although the PM plane was developed for, and has principally been used in, radiographic studies of cranial growth in humans Enlow and Moyers, 1971;Enlow and McNamara, 1973;Enlow and Azuma, 1975;Enlow, 1990), it may have a wider utility for comparative studies of primate and hominin craniofacial growth and architecture 1 Technically, the PM plane is not a plane (which is defined by three points), but is really a line defined by the average of two points inferiorly and two points superiorly. We use the term "plane" because it is established in the literature. Bromage, 1992;Lieberman, 1998). According to Enlow (1990:171), the PM plane is "one of the most basic and important planes in the whole head" for several architectural and developmental reasons. Spatially, the PM plane is an attempt to characterize the posterior margin of the ethmomaxillary complex (the ethmoid, maxilla, and palatine) where it articulates with the boundary between the anterior...

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“…The direction of septa might be influenced by the growth of maxillae and palatine bones. The growth of maxillae was complicated 22) . It was suggested that a maxillary sinus septum might be formed as a buttress to retain the volume and form of the maxillary sinus, when disharmony due to be enlargement of sutures, and deposition and resorption of the bone surface in the alveolar process and maxillary sinus occurs 3) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of maxillary sinus septa and bony bridges using dry skulls between Hellman's dental age of IA and IIIC

Naitoh

Suenaga

Gotoh

et al. 2010

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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Summary: Maxillary sinus septa and bony bridges were observed using dry skulls in childhood, classified based on Hellman's dental age, to clarify maxillary sinus septum formation.Eighty-eight maxillary sinuses of 44 dry skulls and a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) unit were used. The locations of the septum, defined as a pointed bony structure originating from the inferior wall, and bony bridge, defined as a bony structure between the maxillary sinus wall and dental germ, were antero-posteriorly recorded, and the superoinferior distance, distance from the bony palate, and angle to the median palatine suture were measured.The rate of septum presence in the maxillary sinus was high (41.7%) in IIIC, and the septa were located in the deciduous molars, premolars, and molars. Also, all bony bridges were related to the median maxillary sinus wall, and the rate of the maxillary sinus showing a bony bridge was high in IIA and IIIA.

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Facial Growth.

Cited by 83 publications

References 0 publications

Understanding Entheses: Bridging the Gap Between Clinical and Anthropological Perspectives

Understanding Entheses: Bridging the Gap Between Clinical and Anthropological Perspectives

Posterior maxillary (PM) plane and anterior cranial architecture in primates

Observation of maxillary sinus septa and bony bridges using dry skulls between Hellman's dental age of IA and IIIC

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