Fabrication procedures and process sensitivities for CdS/CdTe solar cells

Rose, Doug; Hasoon, Falah S.; Dhere, R. G.; Albin, D.; Ribelin, R.; Li, Xiaonan S.; Mahathongdy, Yoxa; Gessert, T. A.; Sheldon, P.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-159x(199909/10)7:5<331::aid-pip257>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 214 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cells were manufactured using standard procedures at NREL [32], and CSM [33,34], detailed elsewhere. Addition of an HRT layer was the only intentional variation made at each institution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Basic Electronic Properties of CdTe-Based Solar Cells and Their Evolution During Processing and Stress: Final Technical Report, 16 October 2001 - 31 August 2005

Kaydanov¹,

Ohno²

2007

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“…Cells were manufactured using standard procedures at NREL [32], and CSM [33,34], detailed elsewhere. Addition of an HRT layer was the only intentional variation made at each institution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Basic Electronic Properties of CdTe-Based Solar Cells and Their Evolution During Processing and Stress: Final Technical Report, 16 October 2001 - 31 August 2005

Kaydanov¹,

Ohno²

2007

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“…In the literature there are a good amount of experimental data on the optical transmission of the glass/TCO(ITO or SnO 2 :F) and glass/TCO/CdS structures that provide information about the losses caused by reflection from the interfaces and absorption in the glass, ITO, SnO 2 :F, and CdS layers [19][20][21]. 2 However, in the case of glass/TCO structure, the surface of TCO layer is in optical contact with air, rather than with CdS, as in the real case.…”

Section: Optical Losses In Thin Cds/cdte Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, the field strength F in the expressions (20) and (21) for k p and k n can be replaced by the mean values of F in the sections (0, x) and (x, W) for electrons and holes, respectively [15]:…”

Section: Recombination Losses In the Scrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities to decrease the absorber thickness reducing optical and recombination losses in CdS/CdTe solar cells

Kosyachenko

2013

Mater Renew Sustain Energy

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Based on the optical constants, calculations of optical losses in CdS/CdTe solar cells have been carried out taking into account reflections at the interfaces and absorption in the TCO and CdS layers. It has been shown that the losses caused by reflections at the interfaces result in lowering the short-circuit current by *9 %, whereas absorption in the TCO and CdS layers with the typical thicknesses lead to losses of 15-24 %. Calculations of the integrated absorptive capacity of CdTe layer taking into account the spectral distributions of the standard AM1.5 solar radiation and the absorption coefficient of CdTe have been carried out. It is shown that in CdTe, the almost complete absorption of photons (C99.9 %) in the hv [ E g range is observed at a layer thickness of more than 20-30 lm, and the absorptive capacity of photons in a CdTe layer of thickness 1 lm is about 93 %. Based on the continuity equation and taking into account the recombination at the front and rear surfaces of the CdTe layer as well as in the space charge region, the restrictions imposed on the thickness of the absorber layer in CdS/CdTe heterojunction are studied. In all cases, along with the mobilities and lifetimes of charge carriers, the concentration of uncompensated impurities in CdTe plays a key role in the generation of photocurrent. When the CdTe absorber layer is thin (\1 lm), it is impossible to avoid a noticeable decrease of the short-circuit current density. The losses of the short-circuit current are equal to 19-20 % when the thickness of the CdTe layer is 0.5 lm whereas only 5 % for a typical thickness of 2-3 lm.

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“…From then chemical bath deposition (CBD) has been used for decades to deposit thin films of various semiconductors (Hodes, 2003 (Mendoza-Perez et al, 2009;Ochoa-Landın et al, 2009;Lee, 2005;Castillo-Alvarado et al, 2010;Rose et al, 1999;Guillemoles et al, 2000;Hariskos et al, 2005;Kylner, 1999;Shirakata et al, 2009;Ennaoui et al, 2001). It takes advantage of the use of a reaction from a solution were different precursors can be dissolved easily.…”

Section: Chemical Bath Deposition (Cbd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion

Zeng¹,

Gan²

2011

Advances in Composite Materials for Medicine and Nanotechnology

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Induction Composite materialsA composite is a multiphase solid material. It is incorporated by two or more individual materials through physical or chemical methods. The performance of different materials to complement each other will produce synergistic effects (Ivanov et al., 2008;Lu et al., 2010). The overall property of composite materials is better than that of each original material to meet different requirements. These properties include mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical, catalytic behaviors etc. For example (Lu et al., 2010), investigating the synergistic effect of carbon nano-fiber (CNF) and carbon nano-paper on the shape recovery of shape memory polymer (SMP) composite shows that the combination of CNF and carbon nano-paper can improve the thermal and electrical conductivities of the SMP composite, which are much better than each of the components. The individual materials in a composite are referred to as two constituent materials. The two constituent materials are matrix and reinforcement. The matrix material is a frame to support the reinforcement material. So the reinforcement material can keep its relative position. The reinforcement is a functional material which can enhance the matrix properties. Composite metal matrix (substrates) includes aluminum, copper, titanium, magnesium and its alloys and nonmetallic matrix includes synthesized resin, rubber, ceramics, graphite and carbon and so on. Reinforcement mainly includes glass fiber, carbon fiber, boron fiber , aramid fiber, silicon carbide fiber , asbestos fiber, whisker, metal wire and fine grain etc. In order to make use of synergistic effect to improve composite properties, optimum combination of matrix and reinforcement should be chosen. Nanocomposites and their propertiesA nanocomposite is a special composite where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions less than 100 nanometers (nm, 10 -9 m). A nanocomposite also includes the material where the structures between the different phases that make up the material are in nano-scale (Beecroft & Ober, 1997). In the broadest sense, nanocomposites can also include porous media, colloids, gels and polymers, because in these materials the particles or structures are in nano scale. One nanometer is equivalent to the length to tightly line up www.intechopen.com Advances in Composite Materials for Medicine and Nanotechnology 212 10~100 atoms. Nano-materials include nano-powders, nano-fibers, nano-particles and nanothin films. Their structures are between atom (molecular) size and macro size. Materials in nano-scale have special effects such as quantum size effect, surface effect, small-size effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect etc. Quantum size effectQuantum size effect is one of the fundamental physical properties of nano-particles. When the particle size decreases to a nano-scale, the electronic energy levels of the particle atom become discrete and the energy gap becomes wider. This phenomenon is called quantum size effect. This effect does not come into ...

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Fabrication procedures and process sensitivities for CdS/CdTe solar cells

Cited by 214 publications

References 14 publications

Studies of Basic Electronic Properties of CdTe-Based Solar Cells and Their Evolution During Processing and Stress: Final Technical Report, 16 October 2001 - 31 August 2005

Studies of Basic Electronic Properties of CdTe-Based Solar Cells and Their Evolution During Processing and Stress: Final Technical Report, 16 October 2001 - 31 August 2005

Possibilities to decrease the absorber thickness reducing optical and recombination losses in CdS/CdTe solar cells

Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion

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