“…It mainly includes tumor cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) and its degrading enzymes, various growth factors, and inflammatory factors. Moreover, it has special physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., hypoxia, low pH) (Wang et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2019;Jiang et al, 2020;Zheng et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021;Song et al, 2021;Zheng et al, 2021). The TME has multiple effects on tumor initiation, development, and progression, and the mechanism is complex.…”