Fabrication of weak‐acid functionalized mesoporous carbon solid acid from tannic acid and its use for saccharification of cellulose

Abstract

A series of mesoporous carbon‐based solid acid catalysts were prepared using tannic acid (C76H52O46), a polyphenol compound, as starting carbon materials and SBA‐15 as silica template. The tannic acid catalysts were characterized by use of N2 Adsorption‐Desorption Isotherm, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and titration method. Phenolic hydroxyl group with weak acidity was confirmed as main functional groups in these catalysts based on characterization using FT‐IR and XPS. The catalysts were tested in saccharification of cellulose. Effects of different preparation parameters of catalyst were correlated to its saccharification activity: (a) oxidation using H2SO4 was important factor determined the high catalytic activity of catalysts, proved by comparison of catalytic activity of catalysts after treatment in concentrated H2SO4 and parent materials lacking the functionalization, (b) higher carbon coating also promoted good catalytic activity since it has higher relative percentage of acid functional groups based on XPS measurement, and (c) catalyst that treated by short oxidation time (2 h) could exhibit higher catalytic activity compared with catalysts that treated by longer oxidation time. With a ratio of catalyst/substrate: 0.5/1 (g/g) at 180°C for 1 h, glucose yield and conversion of 31.45 and 53.86% could be obtained. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 850–860, 2018

Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation

“…Mesoporous carbon materials have gained paramount attention for applications in biomass conversion due to their controllable porous properties, therefore significantly differing from traditional carbon materials. [147][148][149] In addition, they exhibit high specific surface areas and tunable pore channels, fascinating interfacial features, unprecedented control over their morphology and a rich composition. Template-assisted carbonisation methods are widely used for the synthesis of mesoporous carbons as they provide an efficient control over pore arrangement, structure, and mesoporosity.…”

“…A series of functionalised mesoporous carbon-based catalysts were prepared using tannic acid and SBA-15 as carbon source and silica template, respectively. 148 Phenolic hydroxyl groups with weak acidity present in the mesoporous carbon catalyst are the key active sites for the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. About 31.4% glucose yield and 53.8% cellulose conversion were obtained at optimised reaction conditions.…”

Microwave‐assisted exfoliation of graphite using 1‐allyl‐pyridinium‐based ionic liquids and application to solid acid catalysts

“…Analysis was performed at 80 C using distilled water as the eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 cm 3 /min, as described previously. 51,52 The yield of each liquid product was calculated using Equation (2): F I G U R E 2 X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) graphite, (b) GAC150, (c) GAS150, (d) GAN150-10, (e) GAN150-30, (f) GAN150-60, (g) GAN300, (h) GAN450, (i) GBN150, and (j) GBN300.…”

Production of Normal Paraffins with an Even Carbon Number via Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate over Pt–Sn Catalysts

“…The specific surface areas and pore sizes of the catalysts were calculated by nitrogen physisorption at −196 °C using a Belsorp-mini II automated sorption system. The specific surface area, average pore diameter, and total pore volume were calculated using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method . Prior to the measurements, the sample was degassed under vacuum ( p < 10 –2 kPa) at 400 °C for 1 h. The total pore volume and pore size distribution were measured by a desorption curve using the Barret–Joyner–Halenda model at a relative partial pressure of 0.95.…”