Production of Normal Paraffins with an Even Carbon Number via Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate over Pt–Sn Catalysts

Abstract

Two series of supports, SAPO-11 (Si/Al: 0−0.4) and alumina-coated SBA-15 (Al 2 O 3 : 0−20 wt %), with different pore structures were synthesized. Subsequently, the PtSn bimetallic catalysts supported on these supports were prepared using a coimpregnation method and were characterized by N 2 adsorption measurement, pyridine-adsorbed Fourier transform infrared, CO chemisorption, and H 2 -TPR. The catalytic performances of the catalysts in the hydrotreatment of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) were tested using a fixed-bed flow reactor system. PtSn/ALPO-11 (Si/Al: 0) showed the highest n-C 16,18 selectivity (66.4%) among the SAPO-11-based catalysts, and PtSn/20Al/SBA-15 (20% Al 2 O 3 ) showed the highest n-C 16 , n-C 18 selectivity (61.5%) among the SBA-15-based catalysts. It was found that higher Brønsted acid content on the catalyst showed higher isomerization selectivity. Based on the comparison of PtSn/SAPO-11 (0.1) and PtSn/10Al/ SBA-15, the mesoporous structure favored hydrodeoxygenation activity. Also, it was suggested that Brønsted acid affected the structure of active sites and highly dispersed Pt favored formation of n-hexadecane and n-octadecane.

Roles of Promoter and Support of Sulfided Mo-based Catalyst in Selective Hydrotreating of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

“…Based on the activity test results, the hydrogenation of PFAD mainly produced two types of liquid products, oxygenate compounds such as aldehydes, alcohols, and esters, and hydrocarbons, including normal hydrocarbons, isomers, and cracking products (light hydrocarbons) as found by previous studies of reduced Pt _ Sn catalyst 2) . TiO2 free and TiO2 coated CoMo catalysts produced oxygenate compounds such as aldehydes, alcohols, and ester, in excellent agreement with the previous study 2) . Among the liquid hydrocarbons, n-C15n-C18 were the main components with high yields.…”

“…PFAD, a byproduct of the palm oil refining process, was used as the feedstock to evaluate the catalytic activity. Physical properties (density, dynamic viscosity, acid value, and cloud point), fatty acid composition, and element analysis (C, H, O, S) were determined previously 2) . The density, dynamic viscosity, acid value, and cloud point are 0.86 g/cm 3 , 14.1 mPa s/50 °C, 195 mg KOH/g and 45 °C, respectively.…”

“…H2-TPR measurements were carried out using the same instrument for NO pulse chemisorption and conventional measurements 2) . The samples were first pretreated in a highly pure helium flow at 500 °C for 3 h to remove the adsorbed impurities and then were cooled down to 30 °C, followed by changing the gas to 5 vol% H2 in an argon gas mixture (15 mL/min).…”

Catalytic Conversion of Epoxidized Palm Fatty Acids through Oxirane Ring Opening Combined with Esterification and the Properties of Palm Oil-Based Biolubricants

“…The annual global PFAD production is estimated to be approximately 2.5 million tons . More than 80 wt % PFAD consists of free fatty acids, mainly oleic acid and palmitic acid. , It could be a suitable inexpensive feedstock for epoxidation and esterification; this waste-derived free fatty acid could be upgraded into high value-added biolubricants. In this work, ester-based biolubricants were produced via oxirane ring opening combined with esterification using HBF 4 as a catalyst for both reactions.…”