Fabrication of RDX, HMX and CL-20 based microcapsules via in situ polymerization of melamine–formaldehyde resins with reduced sensitivity

Yang, Zhijian; Ding, Ling; Wu, Peng; Liu, Yonggang; Nie, Fude; Huang, Fenglei

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.024

Cited by 156 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…There are many preparation methods for mixed explosives. The commonly used methods are the following: solution-water suspension method [7], solution suspension method [8], water suspension distillation coating method [9,10], extrusion granulation method [11], and supercritical fluid coating method [12]. In 2015, Na and Xu [13] studied the coating modification of ACM on HMX through water suspension coating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F₂₆₀₂ Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process

Hou

Jia

Wang

et al. 2017

Journal of Nanomaterials

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A new one-step granulation process for preparing high melting explosive-(HMX-) based PBX was developed. HMX/F 2602 microspheres were successfully prepared by using HMX and F 2602 as the main explosive and binder, respectively. The particle morphology, particle size, crystal structure, thermal stability, and impact sensitivity of the as-prepared HMX/F 2602 microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle size analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impact sensitivity test, respectively. The SEM analysis indicated successful coating of F 2602 on the surface of HMX, and the resulting particles are ellipsoidal or spherical with a median particle size of 940 nm; the XRD analysis did not show any change in the crystal structure after the coating and still has -HNX crystal structure; according to the DSC analysis, HMX/F 2602 prepared by the new method has better thermal stability compared to that prepared by the water suspension process. The impact sensitivity of HMX/F 2602 prepared by this one-step granulation process decreased, and its characteristic height H 50 increased from 37.62 to 40.13 cm, thus significantly improving the safety performance. More importantly, this method does not need the freeze-drying process after recrystallization, thus increasing the efficiency by 2 to 3 times.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F₂₆₀₂ Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process

Hou

Jia

Wang

et al. 2017

Journal of Nanomaterials

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“…The rigid shell (e. g. PDA shell in this paper) can protect the CL-20 crystals from deformation which can be profitable for the inhibition of phase transition. Moreover, in the case of elevated temperature, the PDA shells with easy deformation can act as a buffer system to dissipate the impact energy; thus, the flexibility of the molecular chain can be beneficial for reducing sensitivity, such as the MF resins reported in our group [4]. In a word, present results demonstrate that retardation of phase transition is benefit for the safety of polymorph explosives after thermal insults.…”

Section: Impact Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW,, one of the most typical nitroamine explosives, is widely used in current military applications [1][2][3][4]. CL-20 is comprised of a cage surrounded by six NO 2 groups and exists in four polymorphic phases at ambient pressure, namely a, b, g and e-forms [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity and Phase Transition of Heated ϵ‐CL‐20 in Drop‐Weight Impact Test

Wen

et al. 2018

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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In order to understand the effect of polymorphic transformation on the impact sensitivity of heated hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and its composite, the polymorphic transition of CL-20 crystal under heat stimulation was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and microscopic methods. The effects of particle size and PDA coating on polymorphic transition of CL-20 were explored. The experiments showed that the polymorphic transition at 160 8C was related to the particle size and surroundings of CL-20 crystals. As the temperature increases, changes in the molecule conformation of larger crystals were more facili-tated than in smaller ones, the e!g solid-solid phase transitions went along thoroughly in larger crystals. Poly (dopamine) (PDA) coating played a key role in the significant inhibition of phase transition owing to the restriction effect via its compact and rigid shell. The lower pressure caused by drop-weight impact can facilitate the e!g phase transition of heated CL-20. This investigation contributes to comprehend the polymorphic transformation mechanism of CL-20 and provides guidance for effective control on the CL-20 polymorphs in CL-20-based composites.

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“…In these equations (2)(3)(4), i represents the individual heating rates, a is the conversion degree with the range from 10 % to 90 %, T ai is the absolute temperature at different heating rate at a specific conversion degree (K), and others have the same meaning as equation (1).…”

Section: Thermal Behaviors Of the Hniw · Tnt Cocrystalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energetic materials (EMs) represent a class of compounds containing a large quantity of stored chemical energy within their molecular structures. They can release energy at a high rate to produce large amounts of hot gaseous products under some stimuli like impact, shock or thermal effect [1][2][3][4][5]. These high energy density materials (HEDMs) have potential applications in various propellants, pyrotechnics, explosives, and gas generators [6][7][8][9][10], such as mining, armaments, space exploration and fireworks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, Characterization and the Thermodynamic Properties of HNIW ⋅ TNT Cocrystal

Jia

Zhang

Kou

et al. 2019

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The cocrystal of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) (in a 1 : 1 mole ratio) was prepared by a solvent /non‐solvent (acetonitrile/distilled water) method, and systematically characterized by several methods. The thermal decomposition kinetics of HNIW ⋅ TNT cocrystal were investigated using dynamic Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and the apparent activation energy (Ea ) was calculated by Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose (KAS), Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO) and Starink methods. The standard molar enthalpy of formation (ΔnormalfHmθ ) of HNIW ⋅ TNT cocrystal was acquired by a DC08‐1 Calvet microcalorimeter with the help of a rational thermochemical cycle and was 324.45±0.15 kJ mol−1. A continuous Cp mode of Micro‐DSC III was used to determine the specific heat capacity (Cp,m) of HNIW ⋅ TNT cocrystal from T=(283.15–333.15) K, and the Cp,m was 673.62 J mol−1 K−1 at 298.15 K.

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Fabrication of RDX, HMX and CL-20 based microcapsules via in situ polymerization of melamine–formaldehyde resins with reduced sensitivity

Cited by 156 publications

References 35 publications

Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F₂₆₀₂ Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process

Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F₂₆₀₂ Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process

Sensitivity and Phase Transition of Heated ϵ‐CL‐20 in Drop‐Weight Impact Test

Preparation, Characterization and the Thermodynamic Properties of HNIW ⋅ TNT Cocrystal

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Fabrication of RDX, HMX and CL-20 based microcapsules via in situ polymerization of melamine–formaldehyde resins with reduced sensitivity

Cited by 156 publications

References 35 publications

Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F2602 Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process

Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F2602 Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process

Sensitivity and Phase Transition of Heated ϵ‐CL‐20 in Drop‐Weight Impact Test

Preparation, Characterization and the Thermodynamic Properties of HNIW ⋅ TNT Cocrystal

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Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F₂₆₀₂ Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process

Efficient Preparation and Performance Characterization of the HMX/F₂₆₀₂ Microspheres by One-Step Granulation Process