Assembly process and epitaxy of a perfluorinated copper-phthalocyanine (F16CuPc) monolayer on a Cu(111)
surface were investigated. Observation using a scanning tunneling microscope revealed that the monolayer is
formed by a two-step process: at an early stage, the molecules are preferentially adsorbed along step edges
forming one-dimensional domains where the in-plane orientation is determined by the step direction, and this
is followed by formation of two-dimensional ordered arrays on terraces. The two-step process caused
coexistence of two distinct assemblies, referred to as “step phase” and “terrace phase”. The molecules in the
terrace phase were found to have an epitaxial relation with the Cu(111) lattice orientation.