Fabrication of Microcapsules by the Combination of Biomass Porous Carbon and Polydopamine for Dual Self-Healing Hydrogels

Abstract

Artificial development of smart materials from agricultural waste or food residues is particularly desirable for green chemistry. In this paper, dual-network self-healing hydrogels were successfully fabricated by using functional microcapsules. These microcapsules were established by biomass porous carbon (PC) after recycling of apple residues. Glutaraldehyde (GA) as the healing agent was embedded in the porous carbon, and the outer surface was coated with polydopamine (PDA). After the microcapsules were added, modifying guar gum-type hydrogels were successfully obtained with dual self-healing performance by the combination of a healing agent and metal−ligand coordination. The self-healing efficiency was about 89.9% from the tension test, and the fracture strength was measured as 7.68 MPa. These results not only highlight a new idea for the utilization of apple residues but also provide a new method for the preparation of excellent self-healing hydrogels.

Microwave‐Assisted Reversible Coordination‐Mediated Polymerization for Self‐Healing Hybrid Materials: RGO@PDA Simultaneous as Catalyst and Nanocomposites in One‐Pot

“…Self‐healing materials have an attractive performance with autonomously and substantially healing the crack or fracture, which can maximize their service life and minimize the security risks and economic losses. They have potential application prospects, such as aerospace, sensors, wear‐resistant coating, or electronic skin .…”

Hydrogel Properties and Their Impact on Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

“…The classification of self-healing mechanisms is summarized in Table 2 and is presented in Figure 3. [66,67] Acylhydrazone bonds [68,69] Microcapsule [70,71] Host-guest interactions [72][73][74] Boronate-diol complexation [75,76] Hydrogen bond [77][78][79] Diels-Alder click chemistry [80][81][82] Hydrophobic interactions [83,84] Disulfide bonds [85,86] π-π stacking [87,88] Imine bonds (Schiff base) [89,90] Electrostatic (or ionic) interaction is based on the interaction between ions incorporated into the HG matrix ( Figure 3A). By the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions or ions and polymer chains, the HG structure can be reconstructed, e.g., between two pieces of HG placed on each other [66].…”

Advances in Synthesis and Applications of Self-Healing Hydrogels

“…Healing agents are stored in reservoirs and embedded in the polymer matrix to achieve self-healing hydrogels, which are called extrinsic type self-healing hydrogels, compared with the intrinsic ones previously mentioned. Microcapsule ( Song et al, 2013 ; Chen et al, 2019d ; Liu S. et al, 2019 ; Rao et al, 2019 ), microvascular ( Toohey et al, 2007 ), and hollow fibers ( Fifo et al, 2014 ) are widely used reservoirs for storing and releasing healing agents. Among them, microcapsules are especially researched and have the most potential because they are easy to incorporate into the matrix and the microencapsulation technology is already mature ( Zhu et al, 2015 ).…”

“…In addition, some intrinsic type self-healing hydrogels consist of materials that can heal by themselves under certain circumstances ( Lee et al, 2018 ), and thus achieve self-healing. There are also some self-healing hydrogels that do not rely on the reversible bonds or interactions of the polymers themselves to recover; instead, healing agents are stored in reservoirs and embedded in the polymer matrix to aid the self-healing ( Chen et al, 2019d ; Liu S. et al, 2019 ; Rao et al, 2019 ). These kind of hydrogels are called extrinsic type self-healing hydrogels.…”