“…MEs have also demonstrated pronounced performance, such as decreasing blood cholesterol in a more effective method using encapsulated B-Sitosterol with enhanced solubility in water 13 ; minimizing damage to living cells during the freezing process 14 ; stabilizing coacervation process of raspberry anthocyanin known for its antioxidant activity 15 ; and advanced physicochemical stabilization for therapeutic evaluation of topical hydrogels containing vitamin C-loaded self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system 16 . Other proven applications of MEs include skin infection treatment using Clotrimazole 17 ; exceptional permeability of MEs atenolol self-double emulsifying drugs for gastrointestinal aqueous environment 18 ; and effective digestion performance in intestinal fluids using Pickering MEs microstructures 19 .Figure 1Formation of multiple emulsions (MEs) using different methods. ( a ) Red, blue, green, black and white are the Current phase, the Sheath phase, the Droplet phase and the emulsifiers, respectively.…”
Multiple Emulsions (MEs) contain a drop laden with many micro-droplets. A single-step microfluidic-based synthesis process of MEs is presented to provide a rapid and controlled generation of monodisperse MEs. The design relies on the interaction of three immiscible fluids with each other in subsequent droplet formation steps to generate monodisperse ME constructs. The design is within a microchannel consists of two compartments of cross-junction and T-junction. The high shear stress at the cross-junction creates a stagnation point that splits the first immiscible phase to four jet streams each of which are sprayed to micrometer droplets surrounded by the second phase. The resulted structure is then supported by the third phase at the T-junction to generate and transport MEs. The ME formation within microfluidics is numerically simulated and the effects of several key parameters on properties of MEs are investigated. The dimensionless modeling of ME formation enables to change only one parameter at the time and analyze the sensitivity of the system to each parameter. The results demonstrate the capability of highly controlled and high-throughput MEs formation in a one-step synthesis process. The consecutive MEs are monodisperse in size which open avenues for the generation of controlled MEs for different applications.
“…MEs have also demonstrated pronounced performance, such as decreasing blood cholesterol in a more effective method using encapsulated B-Sitosterol with enhanced solubility in water 13 ; minimizing damage to living cells during the freezing process 14 ; stabilizing coacervation process of raspberry anthocyanin known for its antioxidant activity 15 ; and advanced physicochemical stabilization for therapeutic evaluation of topical hydrogels containing vitamin C-loaded self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system 16 . Other proven applications of MEs include skin infection treatment using Clotrimazole 17 ; exceptional permeability of MEs atenolol self-double emulsifying drugs for gastrointestinal aqueous environment 18 ; and effective digestion performance in intestinal fluids using Pickering MEs microstructures 19 .Figure 1Formation of multiple emulsions (MEs) using different methods. ( a ) Red, blue, green, black and white are the Current phase, the Sheath phase, the Droplet phase and the emulsifiers, respectively.…”
Multiple Emulsions (MEs) contain a drop laden with many micro-droplets. A single-step microfluidic-based synthesis process of MEs is presented to provide a rapid and controlled generation of monodisperse MEs. The design relies on the interaction of three immiscible fluids with each other in subsequent droplet formation steps to generate monodisperse ME constructs. The design is within a microchannel consists of two compartments of cross-junction and T-junction. The high shear stress at the cross-junction creates a stagnation point that splits the first immiscible phase to four jet streams each of which are sprayed to micrometer droplets surrounded by the second phase. The resulted structure is then supported by the third phase at the T-junction to generate and transport MEs. The ME formation within microfluidics is numerically simulated and the effects of several key parameters on properties of MEs are investigated. The dimensionless modeling of ME formation enables to change only one parameter at the time and analyze the sensitivity of the system to each parameter. The results demonstrate the capability of highly controlled and high-throughput MEs formation in a one-step synthesis process. The consecutive MEs are monodisperse in size which open avenues for the generation of controlled MEs for different applications.
“…This type of system is typically self‐dispersing and consequently forms fine oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions or microemulsions (nanoemulsions) spontaneously . It is generally believed that the transformation from liquid SEDS to solid formulation provides better stability, lower production cost, precise dosing, easy handling and storage, and therefore, the rise of patient compliance could significantly attribute to the increase of commercialization. The prepared liquid microemulsion is converted into solid phase using different techniques including spray‐drying, adsorption to solid carriers, melt granulation, and melt extrusion .…”
In the present study, a solid self‐emulsification delivery system (S‐SEDS) is developed to improve the bioavailability of astaxanthin (ASX). The pseudo ternary phase diagram method is used to screen the optimum composition of liquid self‐emulsification delivery system (SEDS). This liquid system is converted into solid state using the solid absorbent carrier by simple physical mixing. Through the analysis of powder flowability and adsorption capacity, silicon dioxide and anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate are selected as solid carriers of the liquid self‐emulsification system. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) indicate that astaxanthin is encapsulated in these solid carriers. In the in vitro dissolution study, sustained release of astaxanthin from two different ASX‐SEDS (prepared with silicon dioxide and anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate) is obtained and the cumulative release is correspondingly 51.06 ± 0.98 and 49.97 ± 0.87% within 2 h. A delayed pattern of absorbed ASX‐SEDS is observed in the study with anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate compared to the counterpart with silicon dioxide, which is consistent with the result from the in vitro digestion study. Antioxidant study shows that astaxanthin can be encapsulated in S‐SEDS without the loss of antioxidant activity. Consequently, S‐SEDS can be a promising vehicle in food industry.
Practical Applications: Traditionally, liquid‐based delivery systems are prepared using liquid components, which have some disadvantages, such as, complex production process, low active ingredient loading, narrow application range, and lacking of effective evaluation methods. The present study adopts physical adsorption, a gentle and simple process, to prepare the solid self‐emulsifying system. This system combines the advantages of liquid‐based systems and solid dosage forms, which can improve the solubility of poorly solubility active ingredient in intestinal environments, and the high solubility of active ingredient is favor to its absorption. In the present work, the active ingredients solubilization capability of solid formulations is evaluated by in vitro dissolution and digestion studies. It can be seen that over 40% of astaxanthin are released from solid self‐emulsifying systems in 120 min. After the process of digestion, the bioaccessibility reaches 10%. The results of in vitro dissolution and digestion show that after solid adsorption, astaxanthin exhibits delayed release patterns. All the studies demonstrate that solid self‐emulsifying system is an appropriate strategy to improve the bioavailability of astaxanthin.
The pseudo ternary phase diagram method is used to screen the optimum composition of liquid self‐emulsification delivery system. Then, this liquid system is converted into solid state using the solid absorbent carrier by simple physical mixing.
“…Self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS) is a mix ture of water-soluble surfactants and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, which can instantaneously emulsify to water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions, with water-soluble drugs present in the internal aqueous phase [ 43 ]. Vitamin C is one of the most effective antioxidants for preventing skin damage and a whitening agent.…”
Section: Hydrogels Prepared With Natural Polymersmentioning
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or drugs are normally not delivered as pure chemical substances (for the prevention or the treatment of any diseases). APIs are still generally administered in prepared formulations, also known as dosage forms. Topical administration is widely used to deliver therapeutic agents locally because it is convenient and cost-effective. Since earlier civilizations, several types of topical semi-solid dosage forms have been commonly used in healthcare society to treat various skin diseases. A topical drug delivery system is designed primarily to treat local diseases by applying therapeutic agents to surface level parts of the body such as the skin, eyes, nose, and vaginal cavity. Nowadays, novel semi-solids can be used safely in pediatrics, geriatrics, and pregnant women without the possibility of causing any allergy reactions. The novel hydrogels are being used in a wide range of applications. At first, numerous hydrogel research studies were carried out by simply adding various APIs in pure form or dissolved in various solvents to the prepared hydrogel base. However, numerous research articles on novel hydrogels have been published in the last five to ten years. It is expected that novel hydrogels will be capable of controlling the APIs release pattern. Novel hydrogels are made up of novel formulations such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, liposomes, self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems, cubosomes, and so on. This review focus on some novel formulations incorporated in the hydrogel prepared with natural and synthetic polymers.
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