Fabrication of highly interconnected porous poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds with supercritical CO2 foaming and polymer leaching

Zhang, Kangkang; Wang, Yuqi; Jiang, Jing; Wang, Xiaofeng; Hou, Jianhua; Sun, Shuhao; Li, Qian

doi:10.1007/s10853-018-3166-7

Cited by 36 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In order to obtain homogeneous pore distribution, pore size could be increased by improving foaming temperature. 9 Meanwhile, additional process, surface etching or ultrasonic treatment, 36,37 could be used to improve the porosity of outer and inner surface of scaffolds. The non-uniform adsorption and desorption characteristics of ScCO 2 in polymers prompt the nonhomogeneous nucleation and growth of pores.…”

Section: Morphology Of Small Diameter Porous Pcl Tubular Scaffoldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, several different techniques (e.g., solvent extraction, particle leaching, phase separation, electrospinning, rapid prototyping, and gas foaming [8][9][10][11][12] ) have been established based on biodegradable polymers to fabricate the ideal scaffold structure. Gas foaming is attracting more and more interest from researchers because of its advantages of being free of organic solvents and eco-friendly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of fibrillated and interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone) vascular tissue engineering scaffolds by microcellular foaming and polymer leaching

et al. 2020

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Section: Morphology Of Small Diameter Porous Pcl Tubular Scaffoldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of fibrillated and interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone) vascular tissue engineering scaffolds by microcellular foaming and polymer leaching

et al. 2020

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“…Considering the above-mentioned benefits, the scCO 2 foaming strategy is a promising alternative for the preparation of PCL scaffolds. However, it is still a big challenge to fabricate stable PCL scaffolds with an ideal porous morphology by pure scCO 2 foaming [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The insufficient pore size and interconnectivity may hinder the ingrowth of cells and the transition of nutrition and waste. In other studies, an additional particle-leaching was carried out to improve the pore size and interconnectivity [18,19]. However, this two-step method extends the processing period, resulting in low efficiency, and the possible residual chemicals might cause a negative biological response, such as inflammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of PCL Scaffolds by Supercritical CO2 Foaming Based on the Combined Effects of Rheological and Crystallization Properties

et al. 2020

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Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds have recently been developed via efficient and green supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) melt-state foaming. However, previously reported gas-foamed scaffolds sometimes showed insufficient interconnectivity or pore size for tissue engineering. In this study, we have correlated the thermal and rheological properties of PCL scaffolds with their porous morphology by studying four foamed samples with varied molecular weight (MW), and particularly aimed to clarify the required properties for the fabrication of scaffolds with favorable interconnected macropores. DSC and rheological tests indicate that samples show a delayed crystallization and enhanced complex viscosity with the increasing of MW. After foaming, scaffolds (27 kDa in weight-average molecular weight) show a favorable morphology (pore size = 70–180 μm, porosity = 90% and interconnectivity = 96%), where the lowest melt strength favors the generation of interconnected macropore, and the most rapid crystallization provides proper foamability. The scaffolds (27 kDa) also possess the highest Young’s modulus. More importantly, owing to the sufficient room and favorable material transportation provided by highly interconnected macropores, cells onto the optimized scaffolds (27 kDa) perform vigorous proliferation and superior adhesion and ingrowth, indicating its potential for regeneration applications. Furthermore, our findings provide new insights into the morphological control of porous scaffolds fabricated by scCO2 foaming, and are highly relevant to a broader community that is focusing on polymer foaming.

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“…in chemical foaming process, physical foaming process had many advantages, such as lower cost, no residues, and less materials usage . Especially, microcellular foaming technology with supercritical CO 2 (sc‐CO 2 ) is a fully green approach and has caught considerable interest of engineers due to its chemically inert, nontoxic, nonflammability, environmentally friendly, relatively mild critical point (31.1 °C and 7.38 MPa), and big solubility in polymers …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and feasible strategy to fabricate microcellular poly(butylene succinate) foams by chain extension and isothermal crystallization induction

Yin

Zhou

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this article, a facile and efficient isothermal crystallization induction method was proposed to fabricate microcellular poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) foams with supercritical CO2. The good regularity of PE chain segments and high reactive epoxy groups in ethylene‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (PE‐g‐GMA) serving as a chain extender were employed to improve the crystallization behaviors, viscoelasticity, and foaming behaviors of PBS through chain extension reaction. The effect of PE‐g‐GMA content on the thermal properties, rheological performances, and cellular morphology of various PBS samples was investigated systematically. When the PE‐g‐GMA content switched from 7.5 to 10 wt %, an interesting transition from fine cells to microcells was observed in PBS/PE‐g‐GMA foams. Microcellular PBS foam modified by 10 wt % PE‐g‐GMA was successfully prepared at the foaming temperature of 87 °C and the induction time of 7 min, in which its cell size and cell density could reach 6.63 ± 1.93 μm and 3.75 × 109 cells cm−3, respectively. The formation of abundant but tiny spherocrystals in chain extended PBS samples made a considerable contribution for preparing microcellular PBS foams. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48850.

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Fabrication of highly interconnected porous poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds with supercritical CO2 foaming and polymer leaching

Cited by 36 publications

References 40 publications

Fabrication of fibrillated and interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone) vascular tissue engineering scaffolds by microcellular foaming and polymer leaching

Fabrication of fibrillated and interconnected porous poly(ε-caprolactone) vascular tissue engineering scaffolds by microcellular foaming and polymer leaching

Fabrication of PCL Scaffolds by Supercritical CO2 Foaming Based on the Combined Effects of Rheological and Crystallization Properties

Simple and feasible strategy to fabricate microcellular poly(butylene succinate) foams by chain extension and isothermal crystallization induction

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