Fabrication of Cu₂ZnSnS₄solar cells with 5.1% efficiency via thermal decomposition and reaction using a non-toxic sol–gel route

Effect of calcination temperature on the properties of CZTS absorber layer prepared by RF sputtering for solar cell applications

“…As seen for as-deposited film the dominant Raman peak is observed at *338 cm -1 which is in consistent with the peak of CZTS mono-grain powder reported in literature [26]. With an increase in calcination temperature the Raman peak shift towards lower wavenumber.…”

“…In addition, it also shows the presence of C peak as well as O peak at *285 and *531 eV respectively as impurities. These contaminants have also been identified in CZTS films by other workers [26]. The binding energy peak observed at *932.80 eV corresponding to the Cu 2p 3/2 core level in CZTS film [29].…”

Disorder and variable-range hopping conductivity in Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films prepared by flash evaporation and post-thermal treatment

“…Other physical and chemical techniques are being currently investigated to prepare CZTS thin films: thermal evaporation and subsequent annealing at atmospheric pressure achieving a performance of 8.4% [6], reactive pulsed dc magnetron co-sputtering of Cu-Zn-Sn-S in an atmosphere of H 2 S and subsequent annealing producing a 7.9%-CZTS solar cell [7], electroplating metal stacks converted into CZTS by high temperature sulfurization with a 7.3 % efficiency-device [8], thermal decomposition and reaction using a non-toxic sol-gel route producing 5.1 %-CZTS solar cells [9], single step sputtering, which has been shown as a facile and cost-effective preparation method [10], rapid thermal process of reactively sputtered precursors yielding 4.6 % efficiency for CZTS-devices [11], pulsed laser deposition followed by post-annealing achieving a 4.3 % CZTS-based device [12], etc.…”

Solution-Processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Thin-Film Solar Cells Using Elemental Cu, Zn, Sn, S, and Se Powders as Source

“…Recently, various approaches have been developed to fabricate the absorber layers, briefly including vacuumbased deposition and non-vacuum-based solution process; both strategies have yielded a remarkable improvement in photovoltaic performance [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Compared to vacuumbased approaches, non-vacuum technologies such as electrodeposition approach [9][10][11], milling dispersion approach [12], nanoparticle-based approach [13][14][15][16], hydrazine-based approach [17][18][19], and sol-gel approach [20][21][22][23][24] are more feasible for industrial production. Among those solution-based process, the hydrazine-based deposition has made the great progress, achieving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.6 % [25].…”