Fabrication of chitosan/gallic acid 3D microporous scaffold for tissue engineering applications

Abstract

This study explores the potential of gallic acid incorporated chitosan (CS/GA) 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Scaffolds were prepared by freezing and lyophilization technique and characterized. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of GA in chitosan (CS) gel. DSC and TGA analysis revealed that the structure of chitosan was not altered due to the incorporation of GA, but thermal stability was significantly increased compared to the CS scaffold. SEM micrographs showed smooth, homogeneous, and microporous architecture of the scaffolds with good interconnectivity. CS/GA scaffolds exhibited approximately 90% porosity on average, increased swelling (600-900%) and controlled biodegradation (15-40%) in PBS (pH 7.4 at 37°C) with 1 mg/mL of lysozyme. CS/GA scaffolds showed 2-4 fold decrease in CFUs (p < 0.05) for both gram positive and gram negative bacteria compared to the CS scaffold. Cytotoxicity of these scaffolds was evaluated using NIH 3T3 L1 fibroblast cells. CS/GA 0.25% scaffold showed similar viability with CS scaffold at 24 and 48 h. CS/GA scaffolds (0.5-1.0%) showed 60-75% viability at 24 h and 90% at 48 h. SEM images showed that an increased cell attachment was observed for CS/GA scaffolds compared to CS scaffolds. These findings authenticate that CS/GA scaffolds were cytocompatible and would be useful for tissue engineering applications.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Histological Evaluation of Chitosan-Ruta Graveolens Essential Oil Films

“…In vitro results have been more common to evaluate the biocompatibility of chitosan. For example, CS/GA scaffolds (0.5-1.0%) showed 60-75% viability at 24 h and 90% at 48 h. In addition, the images show an increased cell attachment for CS/GA scaffolds compared to CS scaffolds [43], demonstrating excellent cell viability and in vitro compatibility when chitosan-essential oil composites are used for tissue engineering applications.…”

“…More studies are necessary to understand the mechanism of the resorption and degradation occurring. It has been demonstrated that a higher number of cells that adhered to the surface in CS-GA mixtures could be a result of the blending of GA with CS, which shields the highly positive charge density of CS, hence increasing cell attachment [43].…”

“…Furthermore, although there is abundant literature on chitosan-based scaffolds, information related to scaffolds based on chitosan/essential oils is very scarce. A porous 3D scaffold of chitosan-gallic acid (CS/GA) essential oil was prepared via freezing and lyophilization, for tissue engineering applications [43]. CS/GA scaffolds (0.5-1.0%) showed 60-75% viability at 24 h and 90% at 48 h. SEM images showed that an increased cell attachment was observed for CS/GA scaffolds compared to CS scaffolds, demonstrating in vitro excellent cell viability and compatibility.…”

Glycerylphytate as an ionic crosslinker for 3D printing of multi-layered scaffolds with improved shape fidelity and biological features

“…4h) of the polymeric scaffolds is also a decisive property for the correct distribution and diffusion of oxygen and nutrients of the ingrowth tissues. 58,59 Summarizing, the developed GelMA/chitosan hydrogel with a dual crosslinking mechanism allows the printing of 3D structures with complex designs at high resolution.…”

Bone tissue engineering: Adult stem cells in combination with electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

“…Tendency of tissue engineering researches to chitosan electrospinning scaffold is because of some underlying reasons. Firstly, chitosan is highly adaptable for a variety of applications(Thangavel, Ramachandran, & Muthuvijayan, 2016). Apart from this, lower deacetylate chitosan scaffolds possess smaller pore sizes, higher mechanical strength, moderate swelling properties and greater cellular activities(Dhandayuthapani, Krishnan, & Sethuraman, 2010;Sampath et al, 2016;Zhong et al, 2011).Raftery et al was developed a collagen hydroxyapatite scaffold loaded with chitosan nanoparticles carrying genes encoding osteogenic (BMP-2) and angiogenic (VEGF) proteins and applied for bone implantation at the site of critical size defect and results were showed that new bone formation significantly increased in animals that received composited scaffolds(Raftery et al, 2017).…”