Fabrication of Cationic Exchange Polystyrene Nanofibers for Drug Delivery

Abstract

Purpose: To prepare polystyrene nanofiber ion exchangers (PSNIE) with surface cation exchange functionality using a new method based on electrospinning and also to optimize crosslinking and sulfonation reactions to obtain PSNIE with maximum ion exchange capacity (IEC). Method: The nanofibers were prepared from 15% w/v polystyrene solution in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) containing 0.025 %w/v tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) using electrospinning technique, followed by crosslinking with sulfuric acid/formaldehyde in a ratio ranging from 100/0 to 50/50 v/v and sulfonation in sulfuric acid. Degree of crosslinking was determined as the amount of fibers that remained in dichloromethane. The morphology and diameter of the fibers were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while IEC of PSNIE was performed by salt splitting titration. Results: PSNIE crosslinked with a sulfuric acid/formaldehyde ratio of 90/10 with 0.1 %w/v silver sulfate for 10 min at 70  C and sulfonated in 98 % sulfuric acid with 0.2 %w/v silver sulfate as the catalyst at 100  C for 30 min showed a maximum IEC of 3.21 meq/g-dry-PSNIE. Increase in sulfonation temperature caused the IEC of PSNIE to increase due to faster sulfonation. It was observed that the higher the temperature the faster the rate of sulfonation reaction. The diameter of the fibers after sulfonation was 404 ± 42 nm. Conclusion: These results indicate that PSNIE can be successfully prepared by electrospinning. Furthermore, cationic drug can be loaded onto the novel PSNIE for controlled release delivery.

Nitrofurazone-loaded electrospun PLLA/sericin-based dual-layer fiber mats for wound dressing applications

“…We determined the nanober incubation concentrations on the basis of previous literature report. 52 When the concentrations of the bers with NFZ were 10, 5, and 2.5 mg mL À1 , the practical drug concentrations were 1.996 Â 10 À2 , 9.98 Â 10 À3 , 4.99 Â 10 À3 mg mL À1 , respectively. MTT assays showed that the cell viability decreased with the increase of concentration and there was a slightly decrease in the cell viability aer incorporation of NFZ in the bers.…”

Antibacterial electrospun nanofibers from triclosan/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

“…As a polymeric NF matrix, natural polymers or biocompatible and biodegradable synthetic polymer types are often chosen for the electrospinning. The resulting nanofibrous webs having antibacterial properties can be quite applicable in biomedical practices such as wound dressing [14][15][16][17][18]. For instance, Nitanan et al obtained electrospun poly (styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-MA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend NF which was loaded with antibacterial agent neomycin [14].…”

“…The resulting nanofibrous webs having antibacterial properties can be quite applicable in biomedical practices such as wound dressing [14][15][16][17][18]. For instance, Nitanan et al obtained electrospun poly (styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-MA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend NF which was loaded with antibacterial agent neomycin [14]. In another study, Unnithan et al produced antibacterial electrospun scaffolds by the electrospinning of dextran, polyurethane (PU) and ciprofloxacin HCl (CipHCl) including solution [15].…”

Functionalized Antimicrobial Nanofibers: Design Criteria and Recent Advances

“…In contrast, a hydrophilic surface can effectively inhibit the adhesion of the bacteria, as the surface bonding between the bacteria and nanofibers is weak [ 107 ]. The fabrication of cationic nanofibers using polystyrene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) increased the antimicrobial potency as they are positively charged and highly hydrophobic [ 173 , 174 , 175 ].…”