Fabrication and Mechanical Characterisation of Titanium Lattices with Graded Porosity

Grunsven, W. van; Hernández-Nava, Everth; Reilly, Gwendolen C.; Goodall, Russell

doi:10.3390/met4030401

Cited by 127 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The mechanical properties of gradient structures lie in the range of representative values of uniform structures and can be predicted based on an assumption that gradient structures are composites of uniform layers of the same diameter struts. Based on this assumption, the elastic modulus of gradient structure in uniaxial compression can be calculated through the general rule of mixtures [42,50]:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have investigated the mechanical or biological response of metallic-based gradient porous designs produced by additive manufacturing [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. The majority of these studies focused on gradient structures generated by abrupt changes between layers based on change in strut diameter or unit cell volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This design approach resulted in free nodes of outer layers that are not connected to inner layers, which caused a negative effect on the mechanical properties. Another approach frequently used to generate gradient structures is based on a sharp change in strut diameter between layers [41,42]. This design principle also results in a mismatch between layers negatively effecting the mechanical properties as well as tissue ingrowth and mineralization [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Onal

Frith

Jurg

et al. 2018

Metals

122

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Abstract:Functionally graded lattice structures produced by additive manufacturing are promising for bone tissue engineering. Spatial variations in their porosity are reported to vary the stiffness and make it comparable to cortical or trabecular bone. However, the interplay between the mechanical properties and biological response of functionally graded lattices is less clear. Here we show that by designing continuous gradient structures and studying their mechanical and biological properties simultaneously, orthopedic implant design can be improved and guidelines can be established. Our continuous gradient structures were generated by gradually changing the strut diameter of a body centered cubic (BCC) unit cell. This approach enables a smooth transition between unit cell layers and minimizes the effect of stress discontinuity within the scaffold. Scaffolds were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) and underwent mechanical and in vitro biological testing. Our results indicate that optimal gradient structures should possess small pores in their core (~900 µm) to increase their mechanical strength whilst large pores (~1100 µm) should be utilized in their outer surface to enhance cell penetration and proliferation. We suggest this approach could be widely used in the design of orthopedic implants to maximize both the mechanical and biological properties of the implant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Onal

Frith

Jurg

et al. 2018

Metals

122

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“…Nevertheless, the idea of creating functionally graded structures can be helpful to avoid the stress concentration between the interface layers where the elastic modulus changes suddenly [79]. The concept of creation of functionally graded structures in porous materials by changing the structure of the lattice has also been investigated [80]. [19,62] -sintering hollow spheres -thermal decomposition -sintering of powders, compressing and sintering of titanium beads or fibers Removable space holder and titanium metal powder particles: [63][64][65][66][67][68][69] -saccharose crystals -NaF -NaCl -polymer granules -Magnesium -ammonium hydrogen carbonate Additive manufacturing technology: [60,66,74] -selective laser sintering -selective laser melting -electron beam melting Bandyopadhyay and colleagues suggested laser engineered net shaping (LENS™) to construct porous structures from Ti-6Al-4V alloy across the range 23%-32% porosity with low modulus (7-60 GPa) which can be tailored to match human cortical bone [81].…”

Section: Fabrication Methods and Mechanical Evaluation Of Porous Titamentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Titanium for Dental Implant Applications

Wally

Grunsven

Claeyssens

et al. 2015

Metals

Self Cite

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Abstract:Recently, an increasing amount of research has focused on the biological and mechanical behavior of highly porous structures of metallic biomaterials, as implant materials for dental implants. Particularly, pure titanium and its alloys are typically used due to their outstanding mechanical and biological properties. However, these materials have high stiffness (Young's modulus) in comparison to that of the host bone, which necessitates careful implant design to ensure appropriate distribution of stresses to the adjoining bone, to avoid stress-shielding or overloading, both of which lead to bone resorption. Additionally, many coating and roughening techniques are used to improve cell and bone-bonding to the implant surface. To date, several studies have revealed that porous geometry may be a promising alternative to bulk structures for dental implant applications. This review aims to summarize the evidence in the literature for the importance of porosity in the integration of dental implants with bone tissue and the different fabrication methods currently being investigated. In particular, additive manufacturing shows promise as a technique to control pore size and shape for optimum biological properties. OPEN ACCESSMetals 2015, 5 1903

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“…1). We examine prisms using 0.28 mm Spectra fibers, and 0.8 mm circular bars, which can be manufactured through electron beam melting [16]. Let us assume that the tensegrity unit is uniformly loaded in compression by axial forces with their resultant applied in the center of mass of the terminal bases.…”

Section: Tunability Of Tensegrity Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale tunability of solitary wave dynamics in tensegrity metamaterials

Fraternali

Carpentieri

Skelton

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

151

142

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A new class of strongly nonlinear metamaterials based on tensegrity concepts is proposed and the solitary wave dynamics under impact loading is investigated. Such systems can be tuned into elastic hardening or elastic softening regimes by adjusting local and global prestress. In the softening regime these metamaterials are able to transform initially compression pulse into a solitary rarefaction wave followed by oscillatory tail with progressively decreasing amplitude. Interaction of a compression solitary pulse with an interface between elastically hardening and softening materials having correspondingly low-high acoustic impedances demonstrates anomalous behavior: a train of reflected compression solitary waves in the low impedance material; and a transmitted solitary rarefaction wave with oscillatory tail in high impedance material. The interaction of a rarefaction solitary wave with an interface between elastically softening and elastically hardening materials with high-low impedances also demonstrates anomalous behavior: a reflected solitary rarefaction wave with oscillatory tail in the high impedance branch; and a delayed train of transmitted compression solitary pulses in the low impedance branch. These anomalous impact transformation properties may allow for the design of ultimate impact mitigation devices without relying on energy dissipation.

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Fabrication and Mechanical Characterisation of Titanium Lattices with Graded Porosity

Cited by 127 publications

References 22 publications

Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Functionally Graded Ti6Al4V Porous Scaffolds

Porous Titanium for Dental Implant Applications

Multiscale tunability of solitary wave dynamics in tensegrity metamaterials

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