Fabric Sol–gel Phase Sorptive Extraction Technique: A Review

Abstract

Since the introduction in 2014 of fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) as a sample preparation technique, it has attracted the attention of many scientists working in the field of separation science. This novel sorbent extraction technique has successfully utilized the benefits of sol-gel derived hybrid sorbents and a plethora of fabric substrates, resulting in a highly efficient, sensitive and green sample pretreatment methodology. The proposed procedure is an easy and efficient pathway to extract target analytes from different matrices providing inherent advantages such as high sample loading capacity and short pretreatment time. The present review mainly focuses on the background and sol-gel chemistry for the preparation of new fabric sorbents as well as on the applications of FPSE for extracting target analytes, from the time that it was first introduced. New modes of FPSE including stir FPSE, stir-bar FPSE, dynamic FPSE, and automated on-line FPSE are also highlighted and commented upon in detail. FPSE has been effectively applied for the determination of various organic and inorganic analytes in different types of environmental and biological samples in high throughput analytical, environmental, and toxicological laboratories.

Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives

“…Due to the strong chemical bonding between the fabric substrate and the sol-gel sorbents, FPSE membranes can be exposed to any organic or organo-aqueous solvent including a harsh chemical environment (pH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. This offers a unique opportunity for selecting a suitable solvent compatible with both GC and LC and for analyzing simultaneously using both the technique to obtain complementary and holistic chemical information of the sample.…”

“…Due to its inherent porosity, reduction of the extraction equilibrium time, and higher or equivalent sensitivity is achieved when compared to commercial SPME fibers. In summary, both the coating technology and the PCSA have to be increased, which results in a sensitive and fast sample preparation technique [6,7].…”

“…Afterwards, the extract is centrifuged and filtered before being injected into the analytical instrument. The FPSE process is described schematically in Figure 1 [6,8,9]. The FPSE media can be reused for further extraction procedures by washing with a suitable solvent system and drying on a watch glass so that it can be ready for storage in an air-tight glass container for future use.…”

An On-Line Flow-Injection Sorbent Extraction System Coupled with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Thallium Determination Using a PTFE Turning-Packed Column

“…Attention should be given to the column geometry and sorbent characteristics (functional groups, particle size, and breakthrough capacity). In other words, the selected sorbent should fulfill a variety of criteria in order to accomplish the preconcentration/separation [9].…”

Food Sample Preparation for the Determination of Sulfonamides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: State-of-the-Art

“…The FPSE protocol is simple and fast, with reduced solvent requirements, while the coated fabric can be introduced directly to the liquid samples and is compatible with a wide range of organic solvents. FPSE substrates are characterized by increased sorbent loading and improved adsorption capacity in comparison with SPME, providing high analyte preconcentration [20]. …”