F2 Screen for Rare Resistance Alleles

Andow, David A.; Alstad, D. N.

doi:10.1093/jee/91.3.572

Cited by 236 publications

(249 citation statements)

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“…Different traits or mechanisms of resistance could exist among these strains. One of the advantages of F 2 screen is that it is able to detect different alleles of resistance in field populations (Andow and Alstad, 1998;Huang, 2006). However, the difference could be also due to varied levels of homozygosity of resistance among these strains because all of the six resistant strains had not been intensively selected after they were established using F 2 screen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Cry1Ab maize-resistant and -susceptible strains of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four individual Cry proteins

Zhang

Huang

Leonard

et al. 2013

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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a b s t r a c tSugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), is a major target of Bt maize in South America and many areas of the US mid-south region. Six laboratory strains of D. saccharalis were established from six single-pair F 2 families possessing major resistance alleles to Cry1Ab maize hybrids. Susceptibility of the six strains was evaluated on diet treated with each of four purified trypsin-activated Bt proteins, Cry1Ab, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac and Cry1F. Bt susceptibility of the six strains was compared with that of known Cry1Ab-susceptible and -resistant strains of D. saccharalis. At least two of the six strains demonstrated a similar level (>526-fold) of resistance to Cry1Ab as shown in the known Cry1Ab-resistant strain, while resistance levels were relatively lower for other strains (116-to 129-fold). All the six strains were highly cross-resistant to Cry1Aa (71-to 292-fold) and Cry1Ac (30-to 248-fold), but only with a low level to Cry1F (<7-fold). Larval growth of all six strains was also inhibited on Bt-treated diet, but, except for Cry1F, the growth inhibition of the six strains was considerably less than that of the Cry1Ab-susceptible larvae. The results provide clear evidence that the observed resistance to Cry1Ab maize in the six strains is a result of resistance to the Cry1Ab protein in the plants. The low level of cross-resistance between Cry1A and Cry1F suggests that pyramiding these two types of Bt proteins into a plant could be a good strategy for managing D. saccharalis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Cry1Ab maize-resistant and -susceptible strains of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four individual Cry proteins

Zhang

Huang

Leonard

et al. 2013

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…We used the bootstrap method with 10,000 repetitions to calculate the 95% confidence interval for each yearly statewide mean resistance allele frequency. Whereas Bayesian inference is preferred for estimating credibility intervals for a single population (25), the confidence intervals reported here reflect the variation in estimated resistance allele frequency among the 10-17 populations sampled each year. Bioassay data from 1997 to 2001 were reported previously (6,19).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm

Tabashnik

Dennehy

Carrière

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

192

180

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Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests and thus can reduce reliance on insecticides. Widespread planting of such Bt crops increased concerns that their usefulness would be cut short by rapid evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by pests. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a major pest that has experienced intense selection for resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona since 1997. We monitored pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin for 8 years with laboratory bioassays of strains derived annually from 10 -17 cotton fields statewide. Bioassay results show no net increase from 1997 to 2004 in the mean frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin. A synthesis of experimental and modeling results suggests that this delay in resistance can be explained by refuges of cotton without Bt toxin, recessive inheritance of resistance, incomplete resistance, and fitness costs associated with resistance.Bacillus thuringiensis ͉ resistance management ͉ transgenic crops

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“…Research also can be used to develop the appropriate monitoring methods. For example, to monitor the changing frequency of rare, nearly recessive resistance genes in natural insect populations, Andow and Alstad (1998) developed an F 2 screen, which improves monitoring efficiency by several orders of magnitude . Furthermore, research can confirm or refute uncertain risk assessments.…”

Section: Recommendationmentioning

confidence: 99%

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT STATUS AND RECOMMENDATIONS¹

Snow

Andow

Gepts

et al. 2005

Ecological Applications

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283

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The Ecological Society of America has evaluated the ecological effects of current and potential uses of field‐released genetically engineered organisms (GEOs), as described in this Position Paper. Some GEOs could play a positive role in sustainable agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, bioremediation, and environmental management, both in developed and developing countries. However, deliberate or inadvertent releases of GEOs into the environment could have negative ecological effects under certain circumstances. Possible risks of GEOs could include: (1) creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens; (2) exacerbating the effects of existing pests through hybridization with related transgenic organisms; (3) harm to nontarget species, such as soil organisms, non‐pest insects, birds, and other animals; (4) disruption of biotic communities, including agroecosystems; and (5) irreparable loss or changes in species diversity or genetic diversity within species. Many potential applications of genetic engineering extend beyond traditional breeding, encompassing viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, grasses, trees, insects, fish, and shellfish. GEOs that present novel traits will need special scrutiny with regard to their environmental effects. The Ecological Society of America supports the following recommendations. (1) GEOs should be designed to reduce environmental risks. (2) More extensive studies of the environmental benefits and risks associated with GEOs are needed. (3) These effects should be evaluated relative to appropriate baseline scenarios. (4) Environmental release of GEOs should be prevented if scientific knowledge about possible risks is clearly inadequate. (5) In some cases, post‐release monitoring will be needed to identify, manage, and mitigate environmental risks. (6) Science‐based regulation should subject all transgenic organisms to a similar risk assessment framework and should incorporate a cautious approach, recognizing that many environmental effects are GEO‐ and site‐specific. (7) Ecologists, agricultural scientists, molecular biologists, and others need broader training and wider collaboration to address these recommendations. In summary, GEOs should be evaluated and used within the context of a scientifically based regulatory policy that encourages innovation without compromising sound environmental management. The Ecological Society of America is committed to providing scientific expertise for evaluating and predicting the ecological effects of field‐released transgenic organisms.

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F2 Screen for Rare Resistance Alleles

Cited by 236 publications

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Susceptibility of Cry1Ab maize-resistant and -susceptible strains of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four individual Cry proteins

Susceptibility of Cry1Ab maize-resistant and -susceptible strains of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four individual Cry proteins

Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT STATUS AND RECOMMENDATIONS¹

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F2 Screen for Rare Resistance Alleles

Cited by 236 publications

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Susceptibility of Cry1Ab maize-resistant and -susceptible strains of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four individual Cry proteins

Susceptibility of Cry1Ab maize-resistant and -susceptible strains of sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to four individual Cry proteins

Delayed resistance to transgenic cotton in pink bollworm

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT STATUS AND RECOMMENDATIONS1

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GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT STATUS AND RECOMMENDATIONS¹