EZ-SEP: Extended Z-SEP Routing Protocol with Hierarchical Clustering Approach for Wireless Heterogeneous Sensor Network

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are networks of thousands of nodes installed in a defined physical environment to sense and monitor its state condition. The viability of such a network is directly dependent and limited by the power of batteries supplying the nodes of these networks, which represents a disadvantage of such a network. To improve and extend the life of WSNs, scientists around the world regularly develop various routing protocols that minimize and optimize the energy consumption of sensor network nodes. This article, introduces a new heterogeneous-aware routing protocol well known as Extended Z-SEP Routing Protocol with Hierarchical Clustering Approach for Wireless Heterogeneous Sensor Network or EZ-SEP, where the connection of nodes to a base station (BS) is done via a hybrid method, i.e., a certain amount of nodes communicate with the base station directly, while the remaining ones form a cluster to transfer data. Parameters of the field are unknown, and the field is partitioned into zones depending on the node energy. We reviewed the Z-SEP protocol concerning the election of the cluster head (CH) and its communication with BS and presented a novel extended mechanism for the selection of the CH based on remaining residual energy. In addition, EZ-SEP is weighted up using various estimation schemes such as base station repositioning, altering the field density, and variable nodes energy for comparison with the previous parent algorithm. EZ-SEP was executed and compared to routing protocols such as Z-SEP, SEP, and LEACH. The proposed algorithm performed using the MATLAB R2016b simulator. Simulation results show that our proposed extended version performs better than Z-SEP in the stability period due to an increase in the number of active nodes by 48%, in efficiency of network by the high packet delivery coefficient by 16% and optimizes the average power consumption compared to by 34.

A two‐level clustering mechanism for energy enhancement in Internet‐of‐Things‐based wireless sensor networks

“…There are several works that dealt with clustering in WSNs 3,4,7,15–22 . The first distributed cluster‐based routing scheme is LEACH 20 .…”

“…There are several works that dealt with clustering in WSNs. 3,4,7,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The first distributed cluster-based routing scheme is LEACH. 20 It reduces the energy consumption by distributing the energy usage among the sensor nodes.…”

“…22 Darabkh et al 22 modified the LEACH protocol to have a better performance: optimization LEACH (O-LEACH), which can achieve longer stability and extend NL by dynamically selecting CHs based on nodes' residual energy. Nurlan et al 3 proposed an extended Z-SEP (EZ-SEP) routing protocol with hierarchical clustering approach for heterogeneous WSNs. Their proposed routing implements a hybrid method of partition the area into zones based on nodes energy and has a CH selection based on remaining nodes energy.…”

“…Each sensor node has a sensing device that can sense and detect certain physical and environmental conditions (e.g., pressure, LPG gas, temperature, light, etc.). The sensed information is converted into an electrical signal that is to be transmitted to a central node (sink) for processing and actions 1–7 . Specifically, a WSN is a network of spatially distributed independent devices that can wirelessly communicate the gathered information from a monitored field by using its capability of sensing, processing, and communicating.…”

“…The sensed information is converted into an electrical signal that is to be transmitted to a central node (sink) for processing and actions. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Specifically, a WSN is a network of spatially distributed independent devices that can wirelessly communicate the gathered information from a monitored field by using its capability of sensing, processing, and communicating. The sensed data are delivered to the sink through multiple sensor nodes.…”