Eye Tracking and Studying Examples: How Novices and Advanced Learners Study SQL Examples

Najar, Amir Shareghi; Mitrović, Antonija; Neshatian, Kourosh

doi:10.2498/cit.1002627

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Each gaze plot and heat map was unique and differed from one participant to another. Currently, the only possible option is the use of areas of interest (AOI) [ 142 ]. Those are particularly helpful for stimuli with multiple objects or areas that are clearly separated, such as different elements of a website or user interface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Effect of Cleanliness on the Visual Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades: An Eye Tracking Study

Aust

Mitrović

Pons

2021

Sensors

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Background—The visual inspection of aircraft parts such as engine blades is crucial to ensure safe aircraft operation. There is a need to understand the reliability of such inspections and the factors that affect the results. In this study, the factor ‘cleanliness’ was analysed among other factors. Method—Fifty industry practitioners of three expertise levels inspected 24 images of parts with a variety of defects in clean and dirty conditions, resulting in a total of N = 1200 observations. The data were analysed statistically to evaluate the relationships between cleanliness and inspection performance. Eye tracking was applied to understand the search strategies of different levels of expertise for various part conditions. Results—The results show an inspection accuracy of 66.8% and 86.8% for clean and dirty blades, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that cleanliness and defect type influenced the inspection accuracy, while expertise was surprisingly not a significant factor. In contrast, inspection time was affected by expertise along with other factors, including cleanliness, defect type and visual acuity. Eye tracking revealed that inspectors (experts) apply a more structured and systematic search with less fixations and revisits compared to other groups. Conclusions—Cleaning prior to inspection leads to better results. Eye tracking revealed that inspectors used an underlying search strategy characterised by edge detection and differentiation between surface deposits and other types of damage, which contributed to better performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Effect of Cleanliness on the Visual Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades: An Eye Tracking Study

Aust

Mitrović

Pons

2021

Sensors

Self Cite

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“…We include two types of systems: a hardware-based eye tracker and software-based eye trackers. As a hardware-based system, we use the professional high-end eye tracker Tobii X2-30 Compact 1 , which has for example been used in academic works to evaluate marketing stimuli [9], but also for understanding learning processes [20]. This eye tracker costs around 6000 Euro and is thus unsuitable for scalable MOOC deployment.…”

Section: Eye Tracker Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

IntelliEye

Robal

Zhao

Lofi

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 29th on Hypertext and Social Media

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A main weakness of the Massive Open Online Learning movement is retention: a small minority of learners (on average 5-10%, in extreme cases <1%) that start a MOOC complete it successfully. There are many reasons why learners are unsuccessful, among the most important ones is the lack of self-regulation: learners are often not able to self-regulate their learning behavior. Designing tools that provide learners with a greater awareness of their learning is vital to the future success of MOOC environments. Detecting learners' loss of focus during learning is particularly important, as this can allow us to intervene and return the learners' attention to the learning materials. One technological affordance to detect such loss of focus are webcams-ubiquitous pieces of hardware available in almost all laptops today. Recently, researchers have begun to make use of webcams as part of complex machine learning-based solutions to detect inattention or loss of focus based on eye tracking and eye gaze data. However, those approaches tend to have a high detection lag, are inaccurate, and are complex to design and maintain. In contrast, in this paper, we explore the possibility to make use of simple metrics such as gaze presence or face presence to detect a loss of focus in the online learning setting. To this end, we evaluate the performance of three consumer and professional eye-tracking frameworks using a benchmark suite we designed specifically for this purpose: it contains a set of common xMOOC user activities and behaviours. The results of our study show that already those simple metrics pose a significant challenge to current hard-and software-based eye-tracking solutions.

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“…In a comparison of 12 different eye trackers, the average gaze accuracy ranges from 0.4° to 2° and precision from 0.005° to 0.5°, indicating that data quality can vary considerably across eye trackers (Holmqvist et al, 2015). The Tobii eye tracker has been previously used in academic research to evaluate marketing stimuli (Khushaba et al, 2013), understanding learning processes (Shareghi Najar, Mitrovic, & Neshatian, 2015) and identifying key user interface features of ransomware attacks (Arief, Periam, Cetin, & Hernandez‐Castro, 2020). During the experiment, all screen activities were recorded for analysis using Tobii Pro Studio eye tracking software (Tobii, 2016), which tracks the participants' eye fixations, saccades, pupil dilations and also all behavioural actions on the screen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eyes wide open: The role of situational information security awareness for security‐related behaviour

Jaeger

Eckhardt

2020

Information Systems Journal

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Most contemporary studies on information security focus on largely static phenomena in examining security‐related behaviours. We take a more dynamic, situational and interactionist approach that proposes that security‐related behaviours result from an interaction between the person and the perception of a threatening situation. We derive and define situational information security awareness based on situation awareness literature, and examine how individual‐level (innate traits, experience) and system‐level factors (design variations, warning signal) influence awareness, and how it influences subsequent threat and coping appraisals, and ultimately security‐related behaviours in a multi‐method phishing experiment including eye tracking and survey components with 107 employees. The results underscore the importance of situational information security awareness and show that past experience with phishing and a security warning increase awareness, while phishing emails' contextual relevance and misplaced salience decrease awareness. Situational information security awareness, in turn, increases perceived threat and perceived coping efficacy and, ultimately, actual behavioural responses to phishing attacks.

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Eye Tracking and Studying Examples: How Novices and Advanced Learners Study SQL Examples

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Assessment of the Effect of Cleanliness on the Visual Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades: An Eye Tracking Study

Assessment of the Effect of Cleanliness on the Visual Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades: An Eye Tracking Study

IntelliEye

Eyes wide open: The role of situational information security awareness for security‐related behaviour

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