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There are several integration problems of fundamental physics that still lack coherent solutions-the case in point being wave-particle duality. Although empiricism and mathematical modeling have served physics well, they have not yet been able to achieve integrated causal models. Conventional theories and approaches have only provided partial solutions, and it is possible that a more radical reconceptualization of fundamental physics is required. This work comes at the issue from a totally different approach: it applies design thinking to the problem. The result is the ''cordus conjecture,'' which proposes that the photon, and indeed every matter ''particle,'' has an internal structure comprising a ''cordus'': two reactive ends (REs) that each behave like a particle, with a fibril joining them. The REs are proposed to be a small, finite distance apart and are energized, typically in turn, at a frequency. When energized, they emit a transient force pulse along a line called a hyperfine fibril (hyff), and that makes up the field. This concept is used to explain the path dilemmas of the single photon in the double-slit device and the wave behaviour of light, including the formation of fringes by single photons and beams of light. In addition, it provides a tangible explanation for frequency. It also yields new quantitative derivations for several basic optical effects: critical angle, Snell's law, and Brewster's angle. Thus, the cordus structure offers an alternative conceptual explanation for wave-particle duality. Ó 2012 Physics Essays Publication.R´esum´e: Il y a plusieurs probl`emes d'int´egration de la physique fondamentale qui requi`erent, encore`a ce jour, une solution coh´erente. Le probl`eme en question ici est celui de la dualit´e onde-particule. Tandis que l'empirisme et la mod´elisation math´ematique ont bien servit la physique, ils n'ont pas,`a ce jour, permis l'´elaboration de mod`eles causaux int´egr´es. Les th´eories et approches conventionnelles n'ont fournit que des solutions partielles, et il est possible qu'une reconceptualisation plus radicale de la physique fondamentale soit n´ecessaire. Ce travail traite ce probl`eme avec une toute autre approche en appliquant des processus de pens´ee relatifs au g´enie de conception. Le r´esultat est la 'conjecture de cordus' qui propose que le photon et en fait toute particule mat´erielle a une structure interne comprenant un 'cordus': deux extr´emit´es r´eactives se comportant comme des particules connect´ees par une 'fibrille'. Il est propos´e que ces deux extr´emit´es r´eactives, s´epar´ees par une petite distance finie, sont energis´ees [typiquement tour`a tour]`a une certaine fr´equence. Lorsqu'elles sont´energis´ees, elles´emettent une force impulsive transitoire le long d'une ligne appel´ee fibrille hyperfine cr´eant ainsi un champ de force. Ce concept est utilis´e pour expliquer les dilemmes de la trajectoire d'un photon dans l'exp´erience de la double fente et le comportement ondulatoire de la lumi`ere incluant la formation de frange par un photon u...

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A non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) design called the Cordus conjecture is applied to address the ontological question: What is time? A novel multi-level concept emerges for time, and the origin of the arrow is also explained. According to this theory, time at the fundamental level consists of the frequency oscillations of matter particules, and thus time is locally generated and a property of matter. At the next level up, that of the assembly of matter particles via bonds and fields, the interconnectedness creates a patchwork of temporal cause-and-effect, and hence a coarser time. Entropy, classical mechanics, the arrow, and our perception of time are shown to all arise at the transition from coherence to decoherence. Time at the macroscopic level is therefore a series of delayed irreversible interactions (temporal ratchets) between sub-microscopic domains of matter, not a dimension that can be traversed in both directions. The theory extends to time at the level of organic life. It explains how the human-perception of time arises at the cognitive level, and why we perceive time as universal. This theory suggests that time is all of particle-based vs. spacetime, relative vs. absolute, local vs. universal, depending on the level of assembly being considered. However it is also none of those things individually.

A detailed analysis of the pulsed bias techniques used to determine the capture kinetics of free carriers by deep traps in Schottky diodes or asymmetric bipolar junctions is presented. Both exact simulations, involving an exact integration of Poisson’s equation and a self-consistent treatment in the case of large deep trap concentrations and simple analytical approximations are given. The usual depletion approximation for the distribution of free carriers in the Debye tail is demonstrated to yield erroneous results in some occasions and it is shown how to deal simply with the exact distribution. A novel experimental technique is proposed to rigorously extract the exponential capture kinetics in the neutral semiconductor, from the total capture kinetics, getting rid of the capture in the Debye tail; it is also shown how it is possible to obtain a correct estimation of the capture rate from the capture in the Debye tail, when the direct determination by the above mentioned method is impossible.

BACKGROUND-The solid-phase joining of A6082-T6 plates by bobbin friction stir welding (BFSW) is problematic. Better methods are needed to evaluate the microstructural evolution of the weld. However, conventional Al reagents (e.g., Keller's and Kroll's) do not elucidate the microstructure satisfactorily, specifically regarding grain size and morphology within the weld region. APPROACH-We developed innovative etchants for metallographic observations for optical microscopy. RESULTS-The macrostructure and microstructure of A6082-T6 BFSW welds were clearly demonstrated by optical microscopy analysis. The microetching results demonstrated different microstructures of the Stir Zone (S.Z) distinct from the Base Metal (B.M) and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) & Thermo-mechanical Affected Zone (TMAZ). The micrographs showed a significant decrease in grain size from 100 µm in B.M to ultrafine 4-10 µm grains for the S.Z. Also, the grain morphology changed from directional columnar in the B.M to equiaxed in the S.Z. Furthermore, thermomechanical recrystallization was observed by the morphological flow of the grain distortion in HAZ and TMAZ. The etchants also clearly show the polycrystalline structure, microflow patterns, and the incoherent interface around inclusion defects. ORIGINALITY-Chemical compositions are identified for a suite of etchant reagents for metallographic examination of the friction-stir welded A6082-T6 alloy. The reagents have made it possible to reveal microstructures not previously evident with optical microscopy.