Eye movements of large populations: II. Deriving regions of interest, coverage, and similarity using fixation maps

Wooding, David S.

doi:10.3758/bf03195481

Cited by 99 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Here, we focused on the overall spatial similarity between regions inspected in the different conditions by using fixation density maps (Wooding, 2002) and the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve (t 'Hart et al, 2009;Ehringer et al, 2009;Tatler et al, 2005). This method has become a standard approach for testing computational models of fixation location, and it has a number of advantages because it makes no assumptions about differences in the underlying distributions.…”

Section: Comparison Of Spatial Fixation Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are fixations in static natural scenes a useful predictor of attention in the real world?

Foulsham

Kingstone

2017

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Word count (main body): 7275Unmasked Manuscript / Manuscrit non anonyme Click here to download Unmasked Manuscript / Manuscrit non anonyme StaticWalkView_Revision2.0.docx -2- AbstractResearch investigating scene perception normally proceeds in laboratory experiments using static images. Much has been learned about how observers look at pictures of the real world and the attentional mechanisms underlying this behaviour.However, the use of static, isolated pictures as a proxy for studying everyday attention in real environments has led to the criticism that such experiments are artificial. We report a new study that tests the extent to which the real world can be reduced to simpler laboratory stimuli. We recorded the gaze of participants walking on a university campus with a mobile eye tracker, and then showed static frames from this walk to new participants, in either a random or sequential order. The aim was to compare the gaze of participants walking in the real environment with fixations on pictures of the same scene.The data show that picture order affects inter-observer fixation consistency and changes looking patterns. Critically, while fixations on the static images overlapped significantly with the actual real-world eye movements, they did so no more than a model that assumed a general bias to the centre. Remarkably, a model that simply takes into account where the eyes are normally positioned in the head-independent of what is actually in the scene-does far better than any other model. These data reveal that viewing patterns to static scenes are a relatively poor proxy for predicting real world eye movement behaviour, while raising intriguing possibilities for how to best measure attention in everyday life.

show abstract

Section: Comparison Of Spatial Fixation Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are fixations in static natural scenes a useful predictor of attention in the real world?

Foulsham

Kingstone

2017

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The method proposed by D. S. Wooding [15] fulfils these two constraints. In the case of video sequences, the method is applied on each frame I of a video sequence K. The process result is a subjective saliency map S subj (I) for each frame I.…”

Section: Subjective Saliency Map Build Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fusion of Multiple Visual Cues for Visual Saliency Extraction from Wearable Camera Settings with Strong Motion

Boujut

Benois-Pineau

Megret

2012

Computer Vision – ECCV 2012. Workshops and Demonstrations

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. In this paper we are interested in the saliency of visual content from wearable cameras. The subjective saliency in wearable video is studied first due to the psycho-visual experience on this content. Then the method for objective saliency map computation with a specific contribution based on geometrical saliency is proposed. Fusion of spatial, temporal and geometric cues in an objective saliency map is realized by the multiplicative operator. Resulting objective saliency maps are evaluated against the subjective maps with promising results, highlighting interesting performance of proposed geometric saliency model.

show abstract

“…As in previous approaches (e.g., Barrington et al, 2008;Bruce & Tsotsos, 2009;Buchan et al, 2007;Harding & Bloj, 2010;Henderson, 2003;Kita et al, 2010;Pomplun et al, 1996;Tatler et al, 2010; Torralba et al, 2006;Wooding, 2002), this method does not rely on the subjective definition of ROIs; in fact, it simply does not require the use of ROIs. Crucially, however, iMap offers some advantages relative to previous methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is worth noting that methods sharing similarities with iMap have been introduced by various authors before us (e.g., Barrington, Marks, Hsiao, & Cottrell, 2008;Bruce & Tsotsos, 2009;Buchan, Paré, & Munhall, 2007;Harding & Bloj, 2010;Henderson, 2003;Kita et al, 2010;Pomplun, Ritter, & Velichkovsky, 1996;Tatler, Wade, Kwan, Findlay, & Velichkovsky, 2010;Torralba, Oliva, Castelhano, & Henderson, 2006;Wooding, 2002). Here, we briefly present the characteristics that few of these methods share with iMap and what differentiate them from it.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that using a Gaussian smoothing on fixations, weighted by their durations, is not novel per se, and heat map representations have become very popular in the last few years (see, e.g., Barrington et al, 2008;Bruce & Tsotsos, 2009;Buchan et al, 2007;Harding & Bloj, 2010;Henderson, 2003;Kita et al, 2010;Tatler et al, 2010;Torralba et al, 2006;Watanabe, Matsuda, Nishioka, & Namatame, 2011;Wooding, 2002). However, in most of these cases, the heat maps were used only for illustration purposes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

iMap: a novel method for statistical fixation mapping of eye movement data

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eye movement data analyses are commonly based on the probability of occurrence of saccades and fixations (and their characteristics) in given regions of interest (ROIs). In this article, we introduce an alternative method for computing statistical fixation maps of eye movements-iMap-based on an approach inspired by methods used in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Importantly, iMap does not require the a priori segmentation of the experimental images into ROIs. With iMap, fixation data are first smoothed by convolving Gaussian kernels to generate three-dimensional fixation maps. This procedure embodies eyetracker accuracy, but the Gaussian kernel can also be flexibly set to represent acuity or attentional constraints. In addition, the smoothed fixation data generated by iMap conform to the assumptions of the robust statistical random field theory (RFT) approach, which is applied thereafter to assess significant fixation spots and differences across the three-dimensional fixation maps. The RFT corrects for the multiple statistical comparisons generated by the numerous pixels constituting the digital images. To illustrate the processing steps of iMap, we provide sample analyses of real eye movement data from face, visual scene, and memory processing. The iMap MATLAB toolbox is editable and freely available for download online (www.unifr.ch/psycho/ibmlab/).Keywords Eye movements . Statistical fixation maps . Data-driven analyses . Random field theory . Matlab toolboxThe human visual system is equipped with the most sophisticated machinery to effectively adapt to the visual world. Where, when, and how human eyes are moved to gather information to adapt to the visual environment has been a question that has fascinated scientists for more than a century. Javal (1879) coined the term saccade to describe the rapid movement of the eyes produced during reading, an oculomotor phenomenon identified by Hering (1879) and Lamare (1892) during this period. However, a comprehensive sense of the very nature of those ballistic movements, a description of the use of fixations to gather the information relevant to solving the task at hand, and the scientific definition of saccades came with Dodge (1916) and the development of photographic techniques for recording corneal reflections. This novel recording approach paved the way for the scientific study of eye movements (see Wade, Tatler, & Heller, 2003). Buswell (1935) published the first systematic study on How People Look at Pictures: A Study of The Psychology of Perception in Art. Buswell observed that trained and untrained artists deployed similar fixation patterns to analyze paintings. All observers shared similar oculomotor behavior, deploying initial short fixations over the main features of the paintings, which were subsequently followed by a series of longer fixations. Interestingly, when fixations were collapsed across observers, they highlighted areas containing salient or diagnostic parts of the images. Critically, these observations revealed that eye moveme...

show abstract

Eye movements of large populations: II. Deriving regions of interest, coverage, and similarity using fixation maps

Cited by 99 publications

References 13 publications

Are fixations in static natural scenes a useful predictor of attention in the real world?

Are fixations in static natural scenes a useful predictor of attention in the real world?

Fusion of Multiple Visual Cues for Visual Saliency Extraction from Wearable Camera Settings with Strong Motion

iMap: a novel method for statistical fixation mapping of eye movement data

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About