Eye Contact Perception in the West and East: A Cross-Cultural Study

Uono, Shota; Hietanen, Jari K.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118094

Cited by 84 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In fact, the pattern of fixations is consistent with previous reports that Asians (i.e., Chinese) tend to look less at the eyes and distribute less their gaze over the face [90][91][92]. Especially within Japanese culture, a prolonged eye contact may be disrespectful and Japanese children are taught to look at others' necks instead of the eyes [93,94].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Filtered beauty in Oslo and Tokyo: A spatial frequency analysis of facial attractiveness

et al. 2020

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Images of European female and male faces were digitally processed to generate spatial frequency (SF) filtered images containing only a narrow band of visual information within the Fourier spectrum. The original unfiltered images and four SF filtered images (low, mediumlow, medium-high and high) were then paired in trials that kept constant SF band and face gender and participants made a forced-choice decision about the more attractive among the two faces. In this way, we aimed at identifying those specific SF bands where forced-choice preferences corresponded best to forced-choice judgements made when viewing the natural, broadband, facial images. We found that aesthetic preferences dissociated across SFs and face gender, but similarly for participants from Asia (Japan) and Europe (Norway). Specifically, preferences when viewing SF filtered images were best related to the preference with the broadband face images when viewing the highest filtering band for the female faces (about 48-77 cycles per face). In contrast, for the male faces, the medium-low SF band (about 11-19 cpf) related best to choices made with the natural facial images. Eye tracking provided converging evidence for the above, gender-related, SF dissociations. We suggest greater aesthetic relevance of the mobile and communicative parts for the female face and, conversely, of the rigid, structural, parts for the male face for facial aesthetics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Filtered beauty in Oslo and Tokyo: A spatial frequency analysis of facial attractiveness

et al. 2020

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“…Here, it refers to the gaze deviation degree with equal probability for both being looked at and not being looked at response. The distance of the point of 50% probability of eye-contact acceptance from zero degrees (multiplied by two to cover both left and right sides) well represents an approximation for the width of the gaze cone (see, e.g., Powers, Worsham, Freeman, Wheatley, & Heatherton, 2014 for a corresponding PSE approach for discrimination of animate versus inanimate characters).The gaze deviation degree with 50% probability of reporting being looked at was calculated for each participant using a binary logistic regression model based on their answers to the first response window (R1;Ewbank et al, 2009;Rhodes, Addison, Jeffery, Ewbank, & Calder, 2012;Uono & Hietanen, 2015). These values were entered into a 2 × 2 mixeddesign ANOVA with Exclusionary Status (included vs. ostracized) as a betweenparticipants factor, and Block Position (Block 1, Block 2) as a within-participants factor.Data for one participant were rejected as outlier, identified by criteria introduced by Hoaglin and Iglewicz (1987; values with 2.2 widths of the inter-quartile range [IQR] further from either edge of the IQR).…”

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confidence: 99%

Are you looking my way? Ostracism widens the cone of gaze

Lyyra

Wirth

Hietanen

2017

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Ostracized individuals demonstrate an increased need for belonging. To satisfy this need, they search for signals of inclusion, one of which may be another person's gaze directed at oneself. We tested if ostracized, compared to included, individuals judge a greater degree of averted gaze as still being direct. This range of gaze angles still viewed as direct has been dubbed "the cone of (direct) gaze". In the current research, ostracized and included participants viewed friendly-looking face stimuli with direct or slightly averted gaze (0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, and 8° to the left and to the right) and judged whether stimulus persons were looking at them or not. Ostracized individuals demonstrated a wider gaze cone than included individuals.

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“…Following previous research (e.g. Lobmaier & Perrett, 2011;Lyyra et al, 2017;Uono & Hietanen, 2015), we collapsed the trials with gaze averted to the left and the right, resulting in five different gaze directions (0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, 8°).…”

Section: Gaze Cone Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

I don’t need your attention: ostracism can narrow the cone of gaze

Syrjämäki

Lyyra

Hietanen

2018

Psychological Research

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Previous research has shown that ostracized participants seek inclusive cues, such as gaze directed at them, when trying to reaffiliate. However, instead of seeking reinclusion, ostracized individuals may sometimes withdraw from interactions if not offered an opportunity for reaffiliation. In the current study, after an ostracism manipulation with no reaffiliation opportunity, participants judged whether faces portraying direct gaze or slightly averted gaze (2°-8° to the left and to the right) were looking at them or not. Compared to an inclusion group and a non-social control group, ostracized participants accepted a smaller range of gaze directions as being directed at them, i.e., they had a narrower "cone of gaze". The width of the gaze cone was equally wide in the inclusion and control groups. We propose that, without an opportunity for reaffiliation, ostracized participants may start to view other people as particularly unapproachable, possibly indicative of a motivational tendency to disengage from interactions.

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Eye Contact Perception in the West and East: A Cross-Cultural Study

Cited by 84 publications

References 45 publications

Filtered beauty in Oslo and Tokyo: A spatial frequency analysis of facial attractiveness

Filtered beauty in Oslo and Tokyo: A spatial frequency analysis of facial attractiveness

Are you looking my way? Ostracism widens the cone of gaze

I don’t need your attention: ostracism can narrow the cone of gaze

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