Extrusion Foaming of Poly(Lactic acid) Blown with CO₂: Toward 100% Green Material

Abstract

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Extrusion Foaming of Semi‐Crystalline PLA and PLA/Thermoplastic Starch Blends

“…Further addition of CO 2 up to around 10 wt.‐% did not lead to significant density changes. Similar results were recently found in the foaming of a different PLA grade, which was totally amorphous due to a higher D ‐lactic acid monomer ratio 28. Therefore, the critical CO 2 level required for low density foaming seems to be a general feature of PLA.…”

“…As we will discuss later, the PLA used in this study develops a crystalline structure during the foaming process. To confirm the relationship between the crystalline structure and this 2D crazing phenomenon, we carried out a similar SEM investigation on amorphous PLA foam (NatureWorks grade 8302) obtained under similar foaming conditions from another study 28. Large holes were present in the amorphous foam cell walls but no sign of 2D crazing was found in that case.…”

Application of Gas Pycnometry for the Density Measurement of Freeze-Dried Products

“…The method is often used to characterize the thermal conductivity and insulating efficiency of various polymer foams . Closed pores reduce the gas transport through the material . Additionally, the amount of open and closed pores in combination with the density of the material characterize structure and compressive strength of foams .…”

Batch Foaming of Amorphous Poly (DL-Lactic Acid) and Poly (Lactic Acid-co-Glycolic Acid) with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: CO2 Solubility, Intermolecular Interaction, Rheology and Morphology

“…However, there are very few studies about extrusion foaming of PLA (Reignier et al, 2007;Mihai et al, 2010). Mihai et al studied the rheology and extrusion foaming of chainbranched PLA at a temperature between 180 o C to 200 o C (Mihai et al, 2010).…”