Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: a disease commoner in non-smokers.

Warren, C. P. W.

doi:10.1136/thx.32.5.567

Cited by 186 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The proportion of smokers among farmer's lung patients is low (3,7,12). The mean age and gender distribution of farmer's lung patients in this study were close to those of 2 other Finnish follow-up studies (3,7).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Asthma in patients with farmer's lung during a five-year follow-up

Kokkarinen

H²,

Terho³

1997

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Objectives This study assessed the incidence of asthma in patients with farmer's lung. Methods The study population consisted of 103 1 patients who had occupational fanner's lung diagnosed from 1983 to 1988. The cases of farmer's lung were registered in the nationwide Register of Occupational Diseases by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, and all the patients in the study had received compensation from the insurance company for an occupational disease. The diagnosis of asthma was based on entitlement to a special refund for asthma medication costs from the national sickness insurance program. Results Seventy-four cases of asthma were found among farmers with farmer's lung up to the end of the 5 years following the year of the diagnosis for farmer's lung. The prevalence of asthma was 1 % in the year preceding the diagnosis. In the year of the diagnosis and during the 5 years of follow-up, asthma was diagnosed in an additional 6% of the patients. C O~C~U S~O~~S The results of this study confirm previous findings of a low prevalence of asthma before the onset of farmer's lung in small groups of patients. However, the results also indicate that the incidence of asthma increases during the first years after an episode of farmers lung. For example, in the present study, asthma was apparent in 7% of the patients 5 years after the diagnosis of farmer's lung.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Asthma in patients with farmer's lung during a five-year follow-up

Kokkarinen

H²,

Terho³

1997

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…The reason for this effect of exposure to smoking on the risk of HCL is unclear and biologically difficult to explain. However, it is known that non-smokers have a higher risk of other diseases that are correlated to the immune system, such as allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis (Warren, 1977;Valeyre et al, 1988). There is no reason to believe that smoking habits of the controls differ from that of the population in general.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study

Nordström¹,

Hardell²,

Magnuson³

et al. 1998

Br J Cancer

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Summary To evaluate occupational exposures as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), a population-based case-control study on 121 male HCL patients and 484 controls matched for age and sex was conducted. Elevated odds ratio (OR) was found for exposure to farm animals in general: OR 2.0, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.2-3.2. The ORs were elevated for exposure to cattle, horse, hog, poultry and sheep. Exposure to herbicides (OR 2.9, Cl 1.4-5.9), insecticides (OR 2.0, Cl 1.1-3.5), fungicides (OR 3.8, Cl 1.4-9.9) and impregnating agents (OR 2.4, Cl 1.3-4.6) also showed increased risk. Certain findings suggested that recall bias may have affected the results for farm animals, herbicides and insecticides. Exposure to organic solvents yielded elevated risk (OR 1.5, Cl 0.99-2.3), as did exposure to exhaust fumes (OR 2.1, Cl 1.3-3.3). In an additional multivariate model, the ORs remained elevated for all these exposures with the exception of insecticides. We found a reduced risk for smokers with OR 0.6 (Cl 0.4-1.1) because of an effect among non-farmers.

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“…Some interstitial lung diseases, such as sarcoidosis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis, are more common in non-smokers than in smokers [28]. The receptors of the CD11/CD18 family and CD54 have been reported to be increased [20,29,30] on AM from patients with these disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic smoke exposure alters the phenotype pattern and the metabolic response in human alveolar macrophages

Sköld

Lundahl

Halldén

et al. 1996

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SUMMARYSmoking induces a chronic inflammatory process in the lower respiratory tract, where the alveolar macrophages (AM) are the main phagocytes. In the present study, the expressions of different membrane glycoproteins (CD11abc, CD71, CD54, CD14 and CD16) were determined by flow cytometry in AM from smokers and non-smokers after quenching of the intracellular autofluorescence. The metabolic activity of the AM was quantified as a functional test. The expressions of CD11a, CD54 and CD71 were higher in non-smokers' AM than in smokers'. The expressions of CD11b and CD16 were similar between the groups, while the CD11c was higher in smokers' AM compared with nonsmokers'. The expression of CD14 was weak in both groups, therefore there was no clear-cut difference between the background and positively labelled cell populations. The metabolic response after in vitro stimulation with the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was higher in non-smokers' than in smokers' AM. Our results indicate that chronic exposure to tobacco smoke influences both the expression of AM membrane antigens and the metabolic activity. AM from non-smokers express a phenotype more related to cell proliferation and an accessory function. In contrast, receptors reflecting adhesion and phagocytosis were unaltered or even increased in smokers' AM. The findings suggest a functional change in the AM population after chronic smoke exposure.

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Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: a disease commoner in non-smokers.

Cited by 186 publications

References 12 publications

Asthma in patients with farmer's lung during a five-year follow-up

Asthma in patients with farmer's lung during a five-year follow-up

Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study

Chronic smoke exposure alters the phenotype pattern and the metabolic response in human alveolar macrophages

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