Extremely strong geomagnetic storm of September 2–3, 1859, according to the archived data of observations at the Russian network

Tyasto, M. I.; Птицына, Н. Г.; Veselovsky, I. S.; Yakovchouk, O. S.

doi:10.1134/s0016793209020030

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The influence of latitude in geomagnetic storms is well known, as geomagnetic disturbances are usually larger at high latitudes due to the effect of auroral electrojet. Although some previous studies mentioned a longitude dependence of magnetic records (Tyasto et al 2009;Love & Gannon 2010), in this study longitude appears as a relevant factor for the severity of the disturbance. 4.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…However, this asymmetry is even larger at mid-and high-latitudes and might be the physical reason for the outages threatening the electrical grid in Europe or Africa, being unnoticed for utilities in America. The disturbance dependence on the station latitude was also considered by Tyasto et al (2009) as a possible interpretation for the differences in the measurements registered at several Russian stations during the event in September 1859. The fact that local disturbances differ significantly from one to another evidences that quantification of local disturbances is a key issue to assess damage in infrastructures.…”

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confidence: 99%

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On extreme geomagnetic storms

Cid

Palacios

Sáiz

et al. 2014

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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Extreme geomagnetic storms are considered as one of the major natural hazards for technology-dependent society. Geomagnetic field disturbances can disrupt the operation of critical infrastructures relying on space-based assets, and can also result in terrestrial effects, such as the Quebec electrical disruption in 1989. Forecasting potential hazards is a matter of high priority, but considering large flares as the only criterion for early-warning systems has demonstrated to release a large amount of false alarms and misses. Moreover, the quantification of the severity of the geomagnetic disturbance at the terrestrial surface using indices as Dst cannot be considered as the best approach to give account of the damage in utilities. High temporal resolution local indices come out as a possible solution to this issue, as disturbances recorded at the terrestrial surface differ largely both in latitude and longitude. The recovery phase of extreme storms presents also some peculiar features which make it different from other less intense storms. This paper goes through all these issues related to extreme storms by analysing a few events, highlighting the March 1989 storm, related to the Quebec blackout, and the October 2003 event, when several transformers burnt out in South Africa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On extreme geomagnetic storms

Cid

Palacios

Sáiz

et al. 2014

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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“…However, Wild (1872) redetermined the scale values in 1870 and found that the temperature coefficient was non-negligibly 7.7 nT/ • C. In this study we have omitted the temperature correction because most of the data are without temperature information. The scale values of the variometers analysed in the present analysis are given by Nevanlinna (2008) and Tyasto et al (2009). For more technical details, see Lamont (1867), Kupffer (1843), Nevanlinna and Ketola (1993) and Nevanlinna (1997).…”

Section: Magnetic Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the Carrington storm has regained scientific interest because it was probably the greatest space weather disturbance for centuries (see the special issue on the Carrington storm in the Journal of Advances in Space Research, Vol. 38, 2006, and, e.g., Tsurutani et al, 2003Cliver and Svalgaard, 2004;Siscoe et al, 2006;Nevanlinna, 2008;Tyasto et al, 2009;Veselovsky et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magnetic observations were done several times daily. This work developed in a more comprehensive observational programme in 1841 when regular magnetic observations started at four observatories: St. Petersburg, Ekaterinburg (Catherinburg), Barnaul and Nertchinsk mainly on hourly base (see e.g., Malin and Barraclough, 1991;Nevanlinna, 2008;Tyasto et al, 2009; (Fig. 1, Tables 1 and 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Results of Russian geomagnetic observatories in the 19th century: magnetic activity, 1841–1862

Nevanlinna

Hakkinen

2010

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. Hourly (spot readings) magnetic data (H-and Dcomponents) were digitized from Russian yearbook tables for the years 1850-1862 from four observatories. The pdf pictures for digitization were taken by a normal digital camera. The database obtained consists of about 900 000 single data points. The time series of hourly magnetic values reveal slow secular variations (declination only) as well as transient and regular geomagnetic variations of external origin. The quality and homogeneity of the data is satisfactory. Daily Ak-indices were calculated using the index algorithm that has been earlier applied to 19th century data from Helsinki (Finland) as well as modern magnetic observatory recordings. The activity index series derived from the Russian data is consistent with earlier activity index series for 1850-1862. The digitized index data series derived in this study was extended back to 1841 by including magnetic C9 activity index data available from a Russian observatory (St. Petersburg). Magnetic data rescued here is well suitable for various reconstructions for studies of the long-term variation of the space weather in the 19th century.

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Extreme solar events

Cliver

Schrijver

Shibata

et al. 2022

Living Rev Sol Phys

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We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the 1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the largest observed/inferred/theoretical cases of sunspot groups, flares on the Sun and Sun-like stars, coronal mass ejections, solar proton events, and geomagnetic storms. The reviewed studies are based on modern observations, historical or long-term data including the auroral and cosmogenic radionuclide record, and Kepler observations of Sun-like stars. We compile a table of 100- and 1000-year events based on occurrence frequency distributions for the space weather phenomena listed above. Questions considered include the Sun-like nature of superflare stars and the existence of impactful but unpredictable solar "black swans" and extreme "dragon king" solar phenomena that can involve different physics from that operating in events which are merely large.

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Extremely strong geomagnetic storm of September 2–3, 1859, according to the archived data of observations at the Russian network

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

On extreme geomagnetic storms

On extreme geomagnetic storms

Results of Russian geomagnetic observatories in the 19th century: magnetic activity, 1841–1862

Extreme solar events

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