Extrapulmonary Lungworms of Cervids

Lankester, Murray W.

doi:10.1002/9780470377000.ch9

Cited by 76 publications

(170 citation statements)

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“…13 Elaphostrongylus rangiferi also occurs in northern Fennoscandinavia and Russia. 13 Elaphostrongylus alces occurs in Fennoscandinavia, whereas Elaphostrongylus cervi occurs in Eurasia and New Zealand. 13 Elaphostrongylus rangiferi was introduced to the island of Newfoundland with reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from Norway in 1908, 14 where it subsequently spread to infect woodland caribou (R. tarandus caribou) and moose (Alces alces).…”

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A Method for Extracting Genomic DNA from Individual Elaphostrongyline (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) Larvae and Differentiation of Elaphostrongylus Spp. from Parelaphostrongylus Spp. by PCR Assay

et al. 2005

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Abstract. This article reports a rapid and effective method for the extraction and purification of genomic DNA (gDNA) from individual first-stage larvae (L 1 ) of elaphostrongyline nematodes that had been stored frozen or fixed in 95% ethanol for 1 to 5 years. The method was highly effective for L 1 s of all 6 species of elaphostrongylines, based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a partial fragment of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of the ribosomal DNA. Differences were detected in the sizes of partial ITS-1 amplicons between the 2 elaphostrongyline genera, Elaphostrongylus and Parelaphostrongylus. The reliability of the ITS-1 PCR assay was tested by using L 1 s of unknown identity from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The ability to consistently isolate gDNA from individual L 1 s, together with a simple PCR-based method to distinguish between Parelaphostrongylus and Elaphostrongylus, have important implications for diagnostic testing and for conducting epizootiological studies on these parasites of veterinary importance.Key words: Diagnosis; DNA extraction; Elaphostrongylus; Parelaphostrongylus; PCR.Elaphostrongyline nematodes (Elaphostrongylus spp. and Parelaphostrongylus spp.) occur in the central nervous system and/or skeletal muscles of cervids and can produce verminous pneumonia and, in some cases, severe neurologic disease. 13 Four of the 6 species of elaphostrongyline, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, Parelaphostrongylus andersoni, Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei, and Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, occur in North America. 13 Elaphostrongylus rangiferi also occurs in northern Fennoscandinavia and Russia. 13 Elaphostrongylus alces occurs in Fennoscandinavia, whereas Elaphostrongylus cervi occurs in Eurasia and New Zealand. 13 Elaphostrongylus rangiferi was introduced to the island of Newfoundland with reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from Norway in 1908, 14 where it subsequently spread to infect woodland caribou (R. tarandus caribou) and moose (Alces alces). 15 Woodland caribou in Newfoundland are also infected with P. andersoni; however, this parasite is significantly less pathogenic than is E. rangiferi in this host species. 13 It is believed that E. rangiferi has not spread with caribou from Newfoundland to mainland Canada; however, this needs to be confirmed. 4 The first-stage larvae (L 1 ) of the elaphostrongylines and of several other genera (e.g., Varestrongylus, Muellerius, and Umingmakstrongylus) within the family Protostrongylidae have a characteristic dorsal spine on their tail. 2 The L 1 s of Muellerius and Varestrongylus can generally be distinguished from the elaphostrongyline L 1 s by their shorter length, 9 whereas Umingmakstrongylus occurs only in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). 12 Diagnosis of elaphostrongyline infection in cervids is often based on the detection of L 1 s in feces 4,16 ; however, the larvae cannot be identified to the species or genus level because of their morphological and morphometric similarities. 3,4,13 Sometimes the identities of L 1 s are...

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A Method for Extracting Genomic DNA from Individual Elaphostrongyline (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) Larvae and Differentiation of Elaphostrongylus Spp. from Parelaphostrongylus Spp. by PCR Assay

et al. 2005

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“…Both the diameter and the anatomic location of this nematode are consistent with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and Elaphostrongylus rangiferi (Lankester, 2001). Only P. tenuis is known to occur in the area where this deer was collected (Lankester, 2001) and the nematode was identified as P. tenuis based on the ITS-2 rRNA sequence. White-tailed deer are the definitive host of P. tenuis and terrestrial slugs and snails are required intermediate hosts.…”

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confidence: 63%

“…Parelaphostrongylus tenuis-associated morbidity and mortality has been reported in a number of cervids including elk (Cervus elaphus), moose (Alces alces), and fallow deer (Dama dama; Anderson, 2000;Lankester, 2001), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. tenuis in a sika deer.…”

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confidence: 78%

“…Parelaphostrongylus tenuis-associated disease has been reported from numerous domestic and wild mammals in the families Bovidae, Camelidae, and Cervidae (Anderson, 2000;Lankester, 2001) and was suspected as the cause of disease in a horse (Equus caballus; Tanabe et al, 2007). White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are the definitive host of P. tenuis and terrestrial slugs and snails are required intermediate hosts.…”

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“…It is unknown if the lack of eggs and larvae in the lungs is due to a short duration of the infection or if a species barrier exists in sika deer inhibiting parasite development. Elk have been shown to be competent hosts for P. tenuis development and larval shedding (Lankester, 2001). It would be useful to determine if sika deer could support P. tenuis larvae development and, thus, potentially introduce the parasite into populations of white-tailed deer that are currently free of the parasite.…”

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Parelaphostrongylus tenuis–Associated Meningoencephalitis in a Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)

Gerhold

Keel

Arnold

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:An adult, female, free-ranging, sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae) from Wicomico County, Maryland, USA, was found circling and having no fear of humans. The animal was euthanized and submitted for a postmortem exam. There were no gross lesions and the deer was negative for rabies. Microscopic examination revealed lymphoplasmacytic, neutrophilic, and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis with intralesional adult nematodes, larvae, and eggs consistent with nematodes in the family Protostrongylidae. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was identified by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. tenuisassociated encephalitis in a sika deer.

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2018

Veterinary Epidemiology

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Extrapulmonary Lungworms of Cervids

Cited by 76 publications

References 175 publications

A Method for Extracting Genomic DNA from Individual Elaphostrongyline (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) Larvae and Differentiation of Elaphostrongylus Spp. from Parelaphostrongylus Spp. by PCR Assay

A Method for Extracting Genomic DNA from Individual Elaphostrongyline (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) Larvae and Differentiation of Elaphostrongylus Spp. from Parelaphostrongylus Spp. by PCR Assay

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis–Associated Meningoencephalitis in a Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)

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