Extraction processes for deriving cellulose: A comprehensive review on green approaches

Abstract

Cellulose is a renewable, biodegradable and thermally stable compound with several other strong and attractive properties. Cellulose being most abundant raw material on earth has been also produced commercially through several plants every year because of its substantial involvement in variety of potential applications. Cellulose and its derivatives can be employed in paper, textile industry, and food industry along with its utilization in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Such applications entail the extraction process in order to obtain an appropriate form of cellulose as required for its utilization in respective applications. Herein, we present a review that focus on the multiple methodology for cellulose extraction from various sources of plants and agricultural waste.

Bacterial cellulose: Biopolymer with novel medical applications

“…The presence of those forces is the determining factor resulting in the preferred stereo arrangement of the particle. 20 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) 23,24 as well as subsequent 13 C NMR analyses 25 confirmed that the -OH group in the C3 position and the adjacent pyranose oxygen atom form the intramolecular hydrogen bond, similar to the C2 and C6 hydroxyl groups. Together with the β-(1,4)-glycoside bonds, those interactions are responsible for the cellulose's remarkable mechanical propertiesespecially its rigidity and hardness.…”

“…Because of that cellulose II is much less reactive, more durable and far more widely found than cellulose I. 26 Crystal structures of cellulose Nuclear magnetic resonance 13 C NMR and X-ray diffraction research techniques proved that cellulose exhibits a certain level of crystallinity. At the same time, a number of inconsistencies in the crystalline structure were discovered.…”

“…The research focused primarily on the utilization of postproduction waste, such as sugarcane pulp, wheat straw or sawdust. 13 Alas, the substitution of the traditional wood did not enable the withdrawal of the usage of harmful chemicals, such as NaOH, H 2 SO 4 , toluene, H 2 O 2 or expensive dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were still needed for the extraction and purification of cellulose. 13 Fortunately, cellulose is not a compound present only in the plant kingdom.…”

“…13 Alas, the substitution of the traditional wood did not enable the withdrawal of the usage of harmful chemicals, such as NaOH, H 2 SO 4 , toluene, H 2 O 2 or expensive dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were still needed for the extraction and purification of cellulose. 13 Fortunately, cellulose is not a compound present only in the plant kingdom. As early as 1886, Brown 14 discovered that Gluconacetobacter xylinus are capable of synthesizing cellulose in a form of a pellicle, which is an additional membrane surrounding a bacterium.…”

A Review on the Modification of Cellulose and Its Applications

“…Fibers were obtained by submitting the industrial rice crop to alkali (NaOH) and bleaching treatments. Nanocrystals were extracted from these fibers using sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) hydrolysis treatment [ 41 , 42 ].…”