A Review on the Modification of Cellulose and Its Applications

Abstract

The latest advancements in cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this study. We summarize the characteristics, modifications, applications, and properties of cellulose. Here, we discuss new breakthroughs in modified cellulose that allow for enhanced control. In addition to standard approaches, improvements in different techniques employed for cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this review. The various strategies for synthetic polymers are also discussed. The recent advancements in polymer production allow for more precise control, and make it possible to make functional celluloses with better physical qualities. For sustainability and environmental preservation, the development of cellulose green processing is the most abundant renewable substance in nature. The discovery of cellulose disintegration opens up new possibilities for sustainable techniques. Based on the review of recent scientific literature, we believe that additional chemical units of cellulose solubility should be used. This evaluation will evaluate the sustainability of biomass and processing the greenness for the long term. It appears not only crucial to dissolution, but also to the greenness of any process.

Bacterial Cellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review

“…Although BNC exhibits unique features, it lacks the ones like antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, electromagnetic properties, and catalytic activity, which are required for its specialized applications [ 3 ]. The problem can be solved by modifying the BC surface and creating BNC-based biocomposite materials [ 3 , 7 , 8 , 131 , 132 ]. The cellulose surface modification significantly increased its potential due to its OH group.…”

“…The cellulose surface modification significantly increased its potential due to its OH group. There are various types of surface modification described with detail in a recent review by Aziz et al [ 7 ]. A recent review by Aditya provides the information on BC functionalization via chemical and physical means to yield nanocomposites and fabricate materials with improved functionalities for the biomedical application, primarily, for vascular and neural applications, wound healing, and bactericidal interfaces [ 8 ].…”

“…A series of novel polysaccharide-based biocomposites was obtained by impregnation of BC produced by K. rhaeticus with the solutions of negatively charged polysaccharides such as hyaluronan, sodium alginate, or carrageenan, and subsequently with positively charged chitosan [ 134 ]. In addition, BC composites with biomolecules such as antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, peptides, amino acids and cells were obtained [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

“…Different forms of cellulose (C) are available, such as nano crystals (CNCs), nano fibers (CNFs), nano whiskers (CNWs), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and bacterial cellulose (BC) or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. All these forms have been successfully employed in various fields, and can be easily functionalized due to the presence of bulk–OH groups on cellulose backbone to obtain the materials of desired properties [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Despite the same chemical composition, the structure and properties of BC differ significantly from those of plant cellulose.…”

“…Therefore, the efficiency of cellulose synthesis is high, and the relative pathway of microbial metabolism is relatively clear, which is more conducive to the cellulose synthesis regulation. An indisputable advantage of BNC is its good formability and the capability of purposeful modification, which offers new opportunities for BNC usage [ 7 , 8 , 17 ].…”