Extraction of Crude Rubber Oil from Rubber Seed and Production of Biodiesel

Triglyceride Conversion of Waste Frying Oil up to 98.46% Using Low Concentration K+/CaO Catalysts Derived from Eggshells

“…The Dv (90) values for CaO and 5% K + -CaO were determined to be 149 and 141 μm, respectively, meaning that 90% of the particles from both of these samples have a diameter below their corresponding Dv (90) values. D [3,2] values , or Sauter mean diameters, which reflect the mean diameter of the fine particulates present in the sample, were found to be 34.2 and 68.1 μm for CaO and 5% K + -CaO, respectively. On the other hand, D [4,3] values, or De Brouckere mean diameters, which highlight the mean diameter of the coarse particles present in the sample, were 81.8 and 90.0 μm, respectively, for CaO and 5% K + -CaO.…”

“…Since all the tested samples had FFA values lower than 2% as shown in Table 10 , the 16th cycle WSO was selected based on FFA and solid contents for the transesterification process. 3 Selected WSO samples were subjected to the transesterification reaction in the presence of three different catalysts (1.25% K + -CaO, 2.5% K + -CaO, and 5% K + -CaO) and methanol under other process conditions as presented in Table 5 . Transesterifications were carried out in a bioreactor arranged with a three-neck flat bottom round flask.…”

“… 2 Fatty acid alkyl esters, generally known as biodiesel, derived from organic sources, such as vegetable oils, animal fat, or waste cooking oil, are a proven alternative to conventional diesel owing to its significant and non-toxic fuel properties. 3 Single-step transesterification and two-step esterification and transesterification are the popular traditional chemical reaction processes for biodiesel production. The transesterification reaction can occur using an acid/base catalyst in the presence of methanol/ethanol if the triglyceride feedstock contains less than 2% of free fatty acid (FFA).…”

Abiding effects of phenolic antioxidants on oxidative behaviour of fatty acid methyl esters derived from waste cooking oil

“…Additionally, climate change and other ecological risks have prompted all nations to diminish their reliance on fossil fuel (Ramaraju and Kumar 2011;Alam et al 2017). Biodiesel is a sustainable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly elective fuel that is used as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel (Hossain et al 2014;Saluja et al 2016). Biodiesel is a blend of mono-alkyl esters of longchain saturated or unsaturated fats.…”

“…Raw materials are a vital issue for biodiesel use in the commercial sector. Due to food security, researchers have preferred the use of non-edible oils such as jatropha seed, rubber seed, and Karanja seed oil together with waste cooking oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production (Ramaraju and Kumar 2011;Hossain et al 2014;Khalid et al 2014;Alam et al 2017). In this study, waste cooking oil from different restaurants in Dhaka, Bangladesh, was collected for biodiesel production.…”